Chapter 4

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

All the physical chemical reactions that produce and use energy

Question 2

Enzymes

Answer 2

Protein that catalyzes and regulates the rate of metabolic reaction

Question 3

Catalyze

Answer 3

Speed up rate of chemical reaction

Question 4

Enzymes usually end in suffix…

Answer 4

-ase

Question 5

Activation energy

Answer 5

The amount of energy that reactants in a chemical reaction must absorb before the reaction can start

Question 6

Reactions can happen because of…

Answer 6

Induced fit

Question 7

Substrate

Answer 7

The substance upon which an enzyme reacts

Question 8

Enzymes bind to ___

Answer 8

Substrates

Question 9

Active site

Answer 9

Substrate-binding region of an enzyme

Question 10

Induced fit

Answer 10

A change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds tightly to a substrate

Question 11

Metabolic rate

Answer 11

Measure of an individual’s energy use

Question 12

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 12

Resting energy use of an awake, alert person

Question 13

Enzymes are proteins that ____, or speed up, chemical reactions.

Answer 13

Catalyze

Question 14

Enzymes only catalyze one reaction, a property called _________.

Answer 14

Specificity

Question 15

To catalyze a reaction, the enzyme binds its _________ and bends it slightly, placing stress on chemical bonds.

Answer 15

Substrate

Question 16

Enzyme-catalyzed reactions are prevented from occurring at a rapid rate at all times by the presence of a(n) _________ energy barrier.

Answer 16

Activation

Question 17

The _________ metabolic rate is the energy use of a resting wakeful person.

Answer 17

Basal

Question 18

Aside from diet and exercise, ____ can play a role in the amount of body fat a person has by coding how fast or slow their metabolic enzymes work.

Answer 18

Muscle

Question 19

Cellular respiration

Answer 19

Metabolic reactions occurring in cells that result in the oxidation of macromolecules to produce ATP

Question 20

Energy is stored in the….

Answer 20

Electrons of chemical bonds

Question 21

When bonds are broken in the cellular respiration….

Answer 21

ATP is produced

Question 22

ATP

Answer 22

A nucleotide composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups that can be hydrolyzed to release energy. For of energy that cells can use.

Question 23

Phosphate groups in ATP are ____ charged and ____ each other.

Answer 23

Negatively, repel

Question 24

Phosphorylation

Answer 24

To introduce a phosphoryl group into an organic compound

Question 25

When ATP loses a phosphate group, it becomes…

Answer 25

ADP

Question 26

ADP

Answer 26

A nucleotide composed of adenine, a sugar, and two phosphate groups. Produced by the hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate bond of ATP.

Question 27

Aerobic

Answer 27

An organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen

Question 28

Aerobic respiration

Answer 28

Cellular respiration that used oxygen as the electron acceptor; put in glucose and oxygen and get back water and CO2

Question 29

Much of the aerobic respiration process happens in the…

Answer 29

Mitochondria

Question 30

Enzymes are proteins that are coded for by…

Answer 30

Genes

Question 31

A person who stores more body fat may perform the steps of cellular respiration more ___.

Answer 31

Enzymes

Question 32

Three steps of cellular respiration:

Answer 32

1) Glycolysis 2) The Citric acid cycle 3) Electron Transport and ATP synthesis

Question 33

Electrons that are being moved to make ATP are carried by ____, made from ____ with a H+ ion.

Answer 33

NADH, NAD+

Question 34

What happens in Glycolysis?

Answer 34

6 carbon glucose molecule is broken into 3 carbon pyruvic acid molecules; creates 2 ATP

Question 35

Where does glycolysis happen?

Answer 35

In the cytosol of the cell

Question 36

What happens in the citric acid cycle?

Answer 36

Pyruvic acid loses CO2 molecule and 2-carbon fragment is left to further metabolize inside the mitochondria by enzymes; electrons are harvested and remaining carbons are released as CO2

Question 37

Where does the citric acid cycle happen?

Answer 37

The mitochondria

Question 38

What happens in electron transport and ATP synthesis?

Answer 38

Electrons are carried by NADH to the ETC; ETC is a series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane; produces water

Question 39

Where is the ETC?

Answer 39

In the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 40

ATP synthase

Answer 40

Enzyme found in the mitochondrial membrane that helps synthesize ATP

Question 41

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 41

A process of energy generation that uses molecules other than oxygen as electron acceptors

Question 42

Fermentation

Answer 42

A process that makes a small amount of ATP from glucose without using a ETC

Question 43

BMI has 5 categories

Answer 43

1) underweight 2) normal weight 3) overweight 4) moderate obesity 5) severe obesity

Question 44

BMI not accurate because it doesn’t take into account of _____ and _____.

Answer 44

Lean muscles mass, body fat

Question 45

Calorie

Answer 45

Amount of energy required to raise the temperate of one gram of water by 1 degree C

Question 46

The protein hormone _________ regulates hunger and alerts the brain if there is not enough body fat to support a pregnancy.

Answer 46

Leptin

Question 47

People who have lost weight by extreme dieting may require _________ calories to maintain their weight than other similar sized people.

Answer 47

Fewer

Question 48

Aerobic cellular respiration formula

Answer 48

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 49

Glycolysis is a ____ process.

Answer 49

Anaerobic

Question 50

Glycolysis output (3):

Answer 50

1) 2 pyurvate 2) 2 ATP 3) 2 NADH

Question 51

In between Glycolysis and citric acid cycle, ____ is transported into the mitochondria, where it is converted to _____.

Answer 51

Pyruvate, 2 acetyl CoA

Question 52

Calvin cycle outputs (3):

Answer 52

1) 2 ATP 2) 6 NADH 3) 2 FADH2

Question 53

In the ETC, ____ are pumped and create a gradient

Answer 53

Hydrogen ions

Question 54

ATP synthase makes ATP but adding a ____ to ADP.

Answer 54

phosphate

Question 55

In the Calvin cycle, ____ is the final electron acceptor.

Answer 55

Oxygen

Question 56

ETC makes ____ ATP, which is the ____ from all the steps.

Answer 56

26-34, most

Question 57

Calvin cycle happens in the…

Answer 57

Matrix of the mitochondria

Question 58

In the ETC, the ____ has more H+ ions than the ___ by the end.

Answer 58

Intermembrane space, matrix

Question 59

ATP synthase uses a process called oxidative phosphorylation to turn ___ to ___.

Answer 59

ADP, ATP