Chapter 4

Question 1

A chemical substance that an organism must obtain in relatively large amounts (C,N,P,O,S, cofactors and signaling molecules like Mg2+, Fe2+)

Answer 1

macronutrients

Question 2

vitamins and minerals needed by an organism in very small amounts (Zn, Cu, Mn)

Answer 2

micronutrients

Question 3

organisms fix CO2 in order to make organic compounds. Use phototrophy or lithography as energy source

Answer 3

autotrophy

Question 4

depends on producers for carbon source. Use the TCA cycle

Answer 4

heterotrophy

Question 5

uses light to photolyse H2O and uses that energy to fix CO2. produces O2

Answer 5

oxygenic phototrophy

Question 6

uses light to photolyse H2S and uses that energy to fix CO2

Answer 6

anoxygenic phototrophy

Question 7

Metabolism that yields energy from oxidation-reduction reactions without using light energy. (lithotrophy and organotrophy)

Answer 7

chemotrophy

Question 8

the acquisition of energy by oxidation of inorganic electron donors

Answer 8

lithotrophy

Question 9

the acquisition of energy by oxidation of organic electron donors (glucose)

Answer 9

organotrophy

Question 10

very rare. use energy from photolysis of organic compounds through light-driven proton pump

Answer 10

photoheterotrophy

Question 11

Process of using nitrogenase to convert nitrogen gas into ammonia

Answer 11

nitrogen fixation

Question 12

nitrogen fixing bacteria in close association with plant roots

Answer 12

Rhizobium

Question 13

ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3-).

Answer 13

nitrification

Question 14

process by which bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas

Answer 14

Denitrification

Question 15

free-living nitrogen fixers in soil

Answer 15

cyanobacteria

Question 16

any protein that aids in the movement of a specific type of molecule across a cell membrane

Answer 16

permease

Question 17

Bacterial and fungal iron-binding proteins

Answer 17

Siderophores

Question 18

uses energy from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to attach a phosphate to specific sugars to keep them from diffusing out of the cell

Answer 18

phosphotransferase system (PTS)

Question 19

nutrient rich but poorly defined. includes digests/extracts

Answer 19

complex media

Question 20

precisely defined. includes exact chemical formulas

Answer 20

synthetic media

Question 21

something an organism does not synthesize on their own (but other organisms can)

Answer 21

growth factor

Question 22

favor the growth of one organism over another (complex media, bile salts, crystal violet)

Answer 22

selective media

Question 23

expose biochemical differences between 2 species that grow equally well (pH, lactose, neutral red, peptone)

Answer 23

differential media

Question 24

Microorganisms can be counted directly by placing dilutions on a special microscope slide. Immediate but don’t know if cells are dead

Answer 24

Petroff-Hausser counting chamber

Question 25

A technique used to get a direct viable cll count. Uses lots of media and takes time

Answer 25

dilution plating

Question 26

measure dry weight, measure protein number, optical density to measure turbidity

Answer 26

indirect methods

Question 27

Microorganisms differ from each other in the way they obtain blank and blank

Answer 27

energy and carbon

Question 28

the difference in electrical charge across a biological membrane, typically the plasma membrane of a cell

Answer 28

membrane potential

Question 29

The potential energy of the concentration gradient of protons (hydrogen ions; H + ) plus the charge difference across a membrane.

Answer 29

proton motive force

Question 30

passive transport down concentration gradient with no protein required

Answer 30

simple diffusion

Question 31

protein required for passive transport down concentration gradient

Answer 31

facilitated diffusion

Question 32

active transport where nutrient and ion both move in the same direction across the cell membrane

Answer 32

symport

Question 33

active transport where nutrient and ion move in opposite directions across the cell membrane

Answer 33

antiport

Question 34

uses ATP hydrolysis to pump a nutrient into the cell after it has bound its corresponding periplasmic binding protein

Answer 34

ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transport

Question 35

Transport results in charge separation across the membrane

Answer 35

electrogenic transport

Question 36

does not change charge separation across the membrane

Answer 36

Electroneutral transport

Question 37

largest family of energy-driven transport systems in cells

Answer 37

ABC transporters

Question 38

Bacterial and fungal iron-binding proteins

Answer 38

Siderophores

Question 39

uses energy from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to attach a phosphate to specific sugars to keep them from diffusing out of the cell

Answer 39

phosphotransferase system (PTS)

Question 40

a bacterial transport mechanism that allows for the uptake of sugars into the cell. It is a type of active transport system, where the sugar being transported is chemically modified during the process, typically by phosphorylation.

Answer 40

phosphotransferase system (PTS)

Question 41

Domains Utilizing the Phosphotransferase System:

Answer 41

bacteria, archaea, fungi

Question 42

results from a single cell that goes through thousands of rounds of replications

Answer 42

colony

Question 43

an analytical instrument used to measure the absorbance or transmittance of light by a sample at different wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum, typically in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) regions. It operates by passing light through a sample and measuring how much light is absorbed or transmitted by the sample at specific wavelengths.

Answer 43

spectrophotomete

Question 44

In preparation for cell division, a cell will increase in blank and blank

Answer 44

length and mass

Question 45

one parental cell splits into 2 equal daughter cells

Answer 45

binary fission

Question 46

What does the generation time or doubling time describe?

Answer 46

How long it takes to reproduce

Question 47

Why is bacterial growth referred to as exponential?

Answer 47

Exponential growth describes the fact that cell numbers double during each generation

Question 48

What is the approximate generation time of E. coli? What are the factors that could cause this number to change?

Answer 48

The generation time of E. coli is 0.3 hours (20 minutes) per generation type of organism – medium of growth – environmental conditions (optimal or suboptimal)

Question 49

This is an adjustment period – detect environment – express necessary genes – synthesize components necessary for growth * No cell division in this phase

Answer 49

Lag phase

Question 50

Early log or exponential phase occurs after lag phase has ended * Cells are growing at the maximum rate possible based on the conditions provided * The cell size is largest during this phase * Healthiest * Most susceptible to many antibiotics

Answer 50

exponential phase

Question 51

* Nutrients are depleted * Waste has accumulated * The surrounding media cannot support growth * Cells decrease in size * Spores might begin to form * Cells are still viable and could be transported * Arrested growth phase

Answer 51

Stationary phase

Question 52

* The death phase is slow * Dying cells release new nutrients into the media that other cells can use * The optical density will not return to the original value

Answer 52

Death phase

Question 53

new medium is added as old medium is removed

Answer 53

continuous culture

Question 54

diluting medium that contains a limiting amount of an essential nutrient

Answer 54

chemostat

Question 55

a Specialized cell (1 in 10 cells) that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria

Answer 55

heterocyst

Question 56

A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation. surrounded by sugars which resist antibiotics

Answer 56

biofilm