Chapter 3

Question 1

sugar chains cross-linked by peptides found in the cell wal

Answer 1

peptidoglycans

Question 2

Difference between Gram negative and gram positive cell wall

Answer 2

Gram Negative - thin cell wall

Gram Positive- Thick cell wall

Question 3

A differential stain that distinguishes cells that
possess a thick cell wall and retain a positively charged stain
(Gram-positive) from cells that have a thin cell wall and outer
membrane and fail to retain the stain (Gram-negative).

Answer 3

Gram stain

Question 4

The looped coils of a bacterial chromosome.

Answer 4

nucleoid

Question 5

All the proteins expressed in a cell at a given time

Answer 5

proteome

Question 6

Components of the cellular membrane

Answer 6

phospholipids
proteins
hopanoid

Question 7

pressure exerted by a solvent (usually water) as it moves through a semipermeable membrane to balance concentrations of solutes on either side of the membrane.

Answer 7

osmotic pressure

Question 8

How do microorganisms combat osmotic pressure?

Answer 8

Cell wall protection

Question 9

hydrophobic molecules inserted in membrane to make it less fluid

Answer 9

planar components

Question 10

Structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer.

Answer 10

fluid mosaic model

Question 11

hopane in bacteria, cyclization, longer hydrocarbon chain

Answer 11

Less fluidity in membrane

Question 12

higher temperature and polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 12

More fluidity in membrane

Question 13

glycerol, phosphate group, head group, fatty acids

Answer 13

Phospholipid components

Question 14

The layer of the cell membrane phospholipid bilayer that faces the cytoplasm.

Answer 14

inner leaflet

Question 15

in a transmembrane protein, the charged amino acid faces with side?

Answer 15

exterior

Question 16

the movement of molecule from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

Answer 16

passive diffusion

Question 17

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

Answer 17

active transport

Question 18

membrane-permanent weak acids and bases in order to store energy, maintain ion gradient, and facilitate passive transport

Answer 18

selective permeability

Question 19

unbent lipid which decreases membrane fluidity

Answer 19

saturated fatty acid

Question 20

bent lipid which increases membrane fluidity

Answer 20

unsaturated fatty acid

Question 21

the planar components used by bacteria

Answer 21

hopanoids

Question 22

the planar components used by eukaryotes

Answer 22

sterols

Question 23

why use ether linkage in phospholipid?

Answer 23

more stable at high temperatures

Question 24

What archaea have instead of the phospholipid bilayer to decrease fluidity

Answer 24

tetraether monolayer

Question 25

building blocks for cholesterol and hopanes.

Answer 25

isoprene units

Question 26

Does cyclization increase or decrease fluidity?

Answer 26

decrease

Question 27

peptidoglycan "cage" around bacteria cells that helps them withstand tugor/water pressure

Answer 27

cell wall

Question 28

A subunit of peptidoglycan that makes the main chain in the bacterial cell wall

Answer 28

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

Question 29

A subunit of peptidoglycan that bridges/connects peptide chains in the bacterial cell wall

Answer 29

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Question 30

Important types of peptide amino acids that connects glycans

Answer 30

Important types of peptide amino acids that connects glycans

Question 31

antibiotic that prevents terminal D-alanine from being removed in the cell wall

Answer 31

vancomycin

Question 32

antibiotic that interrupts transpeptidase in the cell wall, preventing cross bridges from forming

Answer 32

penicillin

Question 33

Do gram-positive bacteria have thin or thick peptidoglycan cell walls?

Answer 33

thick

Question 34

Do gram-negative bacteria have thin or thick peptidoglycan cell walls?

Answer 34

thin

Question 35

polymer associated with the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria

Answer 35

teichoic acid

Question 36

Molecule that makes up the outer layer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

Answer 36

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 37

Proteins that allow the passage of certain ions and small polar molecules through outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

Answer 37

porins

Question 38

space between the inner and outer membranes in gram-negative bacteria. Contains the peptidoglycan cell wall.

Answer 38

periplasm

Question 39

3 components of LPS

Answer 39

lipid A, core polysaccharide, O antigen

Question 40

exhibits both gram positive and negative traits. Waxy phenotype that characterizes tuberculosis and leprosy

Answer 40

mycobacterium

Question 41

components of cell wall in mycobacterium

Answer 41

arabinan and mycolic acids

Question 42

sticky loosely bound sugars on some gram-positive and negative bacteria that can be protective against macrophages

Answer 42

capsule

Question 43

an outermost cell surface layer composed of protein or glycoprotein present on some Bacteria and Archaea. May be protective but unknown purpose due to shedding in lab

Answer 43

S-layer

Question 44

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

Answer 44

Cytoskeleton

Question 45

cytoskeleton protein that polymerizes around the circumference of a bacterial cell to create a ring

Answer 45

FtsZ

Question 46

cytoskeleton protein that is required for elongation of bacterial cells

Answer 46

MreB

Question 47

cytoskeleton protein that polymerized on one side in order to curve bacterial cells

Answer 47

CreS

Question 48

photosynthetic very folded intracellular membrane special to cyanobacteria

Answer 48

thylakoid

Question 49

localized storage of carbon and energy compounds (PHA, PHB, glycogen, sulfur)

Answer 49

storage granule

Question 50

protein bodies in cyanobacteria packed with the enzymes Rubisco and carbonic anhydrase for enhanced CO2 fixation

Answer 50

carboxysomes

Question 51

straight filaments of pilin protein used in attachment, virulence, biofilm formation, DNA transfer, and motility

Answer 51

Pili (fimbriae)

Question 52

cluster of flagella at one end of cell

Answer 52

Lophotrichous

Question 53

single flagellum at one pole of the cell

Answer 53

monotrichous

Question 54

flagella at both poles of the cell

Answer 54

amphitrichous

Question 55

flagella distributed over the entire cell

Answer 55

peritrichous

Question 56

what provides flagella their energy?

Answer 56

proton-motive force

Question 57

Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus

Answer 57

chemotaxis

Question 58

Counterclockwise movement of the flagella

Answer 58

run

Question 59

clockwise movement of flagella

Answer 59

tumble

Question 60

Why is the cell wall a good target for antibiotics?

Answer 60

because almost all bacterial cells have a cell wall and this allows us to target the bacteria cells and not harm human cells

Question 61

complex of enzymes and proteins that work together to carry out DNA replication. It includes several key components

Answer 61

replisome

Question 62

hollow protein structures which are freely permeable to gas. Found in both Bacteria and Archaea. They provide buoyancy and lateral mobility to aquatic microbes

Answer 62

Gas vesicles

Question 63

membrane-bound compartments which contain iron minerals such as magnetite or greigite. Found in magnetotactic bacteria. These minerals allow the organism to orient itself along a geomagnetic field

Answer 63

Magnetosomes

Question 64

the process by which bacterial cells divide after DNA replication, ultimately leading to the formation of two daughter cells. It is a key step in binary fission, the method of asexual reproduction used by bacteria.

Answer 64

Septation

Question 65

How does septation determine shape of a cell?

Answer 65

Location of septation determines shape

Question 66

How does septation determine the arrangement of a cell?

Answer 66

The pattern of septation directly influences how the cells arrange themselves after division