chapter 4 Flashcards

Question

How did BF Skinner study operant conditioning?

Answer 1

Skinner studied with rats (reward training - positive reinforcement). Suggested that classical conditioning supposes no higher order of thinking was needed by animals Coined the term operant repsonse - to differentiate from classical conditioned response

Answer 2

Actions that subsequencly lead to a satifying state of affairs are more likely to be repeated

Answer 3

Series of successive approximations

Answer 4

Significant consequences Which are either appatitive (pleasant) or adversive (unpleasant)

Answer 5

A contingency exists in which a reinforcement will occur as a reward for a specific behavior

Answer 6

Non rewarding: Extinction - response gets no reinformcenent and response rate decreases. - At first it continues but for a short time and then ceases. -Might have extinction burst, of increase on behavior out of frustration - Benefit is that it will adapt new behaviors to try and elicit reward Omission- The response prevents the consequence of the reward, suggesting that another response would have earned the reward, the responding decreases Punishment: A response is folled by an adversive consequence, the outcome is a decrease in responding

Answer 7

it is not necessary that reinforcement occur on every trial in classical or instrumental conditioning or for every response in operant conditioning. In operant/instrumental conditioning contexts, it is usually important to reinforce behavior rather generously during the early stages of acquisition simply to insure that the organism maintains a sufficient level of performance that occasional reinforcements will be received. From that point, it is possible to "wean lean;" that is, one can progressively reduce the percent reinforcement even to the point where, on the average the organism is not receiving enough nutritive value from the reinforcer to replace the energy expended to receive it.

Answer 8

A differentiation between partial and continuous reinforcement

Answer 9

frustation becomes the discriminative stimulus in partial reinforcement

Answer 10

he felt is was no more effective that positive reinforcement in short term, less effective in long term

Answer 11

1. Intensity: The more intense the punisher, the more effective the punishment, except when the intensity is increased 2. Delay of the punishment: The punisher loses effectiveness at the time between response and consequence increases - Partial or continuous schedule of punishment 3. Concurrent reinforcement:The effects of the punshiment are neutralized if an appetitive and an aversive reinforcer both follow the bahavior 4. Punishing stimuli with an apetitive reinforcer can make the punisher a seconrdary reinforcer

Answer 12

Conditioned fear and avoidance Aggression Could also be negatively reinforcing by taking awa a source of annoyance Displaced aggression - against one who didn't inflct the punishment

Answer 13

occurs when an unpleasant object or event is removed after a response thereby increasing the liklihood of that response in the future - escape learning - also called avoidance learning - a response prevents an aversive consequence

Answer 14

Size matters- the size of the reinforcement is important, the larger the reinforcement the more powerful the contingency There has to be a need for the reinforcement, if you don't need it then it doesn't matter how powerful the reinforcement is The delay between the response and the reinforcement is important, the more immediate the reinforcement strengthens initial learning

Answer 15

A contrast effect is the enhancement or diminishment, relative to normal, of perception, cognition or related performance as a result of successive (immediately previous) or simultaneous exposure to a stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension.

Answer 16

Training to a large reward which later is follwed by a small reward

Answer 17

Training to a small reward which later is followed by a large reward

Answer 18

Motivation for bevaior can either be a need of a reinforcement or want for a reinforcement. Need or want. Need: thirst, hunger, sex, Want: Car, shoes

Answer 19

The behavior will eventually diminish

Answer 20

Assumes that the organism was trained to respond a certain way to reinforcement, the reinforcement was eliminated, after a period of rest, however, the organism will again begin to respond

Answer 21

Reinforcement is given every time vs only some of the time after their responses learning is faster with continuous but gradual with partial and slower to extinguish

Answer 22

gives reward to the first response after a specific length of time, vs giving a reward after a variable amount of time, that averages to a spedied interval

Answer 23

responding decreases after the reward and increases as the time for reward approaches

Answer 24

responding is more constant but decreases after a reinforement

Answer 25

gives reward after a specific number of responses vs gives reward after a variable number of responses that average to a specified number of responses (vegas)

Answer 26

impeded initial learning; other behaviors might be thought to be the conditioning stimulus, the performance of the appropriate behavior might be forgotten

Answer 27

self control help eliminate immediate gratification for a larger reward, but if the time bewteen behavior and reward is too long it might not happen

Answer 28

reduced biological needs or wants: thirst, hunder, sex

Answer 29

neutral stimulus that has been paired with a primary reinforcer (ie money)

Answer 30

Attention, praise, physical contact, facial expressions (learned socially)

Answer 31

The acuqisition of information that may not be acted on immediately but is stored for a later use

Answer 32

Learning that occurs without behavioral indictators

Answer 33

Learning that occurs when a person or animal suddenly grasps how to solve a problem or intrepret a pattern of informaiton and incorporate that new knowledge into old knowledge

Answer 34

a type of Pavlovian conditioning which may be taught intentionally or may occur as a result of the way the Skinner box works. An s-s association is learned between the sound of the feeder and the presentation of food

Answer 35

Learning that occurs through watching others, not through reinforcement

Answer 36

Violence on TV, Video games - tend to lead to violent tendencies

Answer 37

It's often required as part of operant conditioning when the so called operant level or probability of the target operant begins at or is near zero It's a high level type of discrimination learning in which certain characteristics of behavior are selected for reinforcements and others non-reinforcement

Answer 38

Hungry pigeon placed in skinner box, key is pecked by chance and the pigeon gets a food pellet, bird doesn't recognize the connection yet, on subsequent exposure he pecks to satisfy hunder, there is evidence that the pgieo learned the connection between pecking and food reward

Answer 39

3 elements of operant conditioning: Instrumental Repsonse: like a bar to press, Reinforcer: food pellet Discriminative Stimulus: like a ton or light ot signal that the reinforcer is present

Answer 40

Bobo doll study - brought in children to watch a series of videos. The entire group saw the model beating up the doll. Two groups say either the model rewarded or punished. Afterward the children were put in a room with the bobo dolls. Those that saw no special ending or the rewarding ending equally abused the doll, the only group that didn't was the group that saw the ending where the model was punished

Answer 41

it can be quicker, you can avoid the misteps that usually happen when doing it without a model

Answer 42

Learning adaptive behaviors from models only works if that model exihibits adaptive behaviors. If the model doesn't then the organism will not be able to learn adaptive behaviors.

chapter 4 Flashcards

(66 cards)