Chapter 9

Question 1

what is a gametes?

Answer 1

a mature haploid (having a single set of unpaired chromosomes) male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote

Question 2

what is a sperm?

Answer 2

a male germ cell

Question 3

what is a ovum or egg?

Answer 3

female germ cell

Question 4

how many chromosomes do sperm and ovum/egg’s have?

Answer 4

usually 23, 22 sets of autosomes and one set of sex determining chromosomes

Question 5

how long is a child in womb?

Answer 5

9months, 3 trimesters. pregnancy is divided into trimesters

Question 6

what is a zygote?

Answer 6

a fertilized egg

Question 7

when does the joining of an egg and sperm become a embryo and how does it become an embyro?

Answer 7

2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception an embryo is developed
the outer cells attach to the uterus
the inner cells form the embyro

Question 8

when is an embryo considered a fetus?

Answer 8

8-9 weeks until birth

Question 9

what are Teratogens?

Answer 9

Teratogens are substances or other factors that can cause congenital abnormalities, which are also called birth defects.

Question 10

what are examples of Teratogens?

Answer 10

maternal illness - chicken pox, rubella and HIV
alcohol and drugs (heroin and cocaine) - cause mental retardation, sleep and attentional problems
caffeine and smoking - cause low birth weight and miscarriage
diet and pollution - malnutrition like a vitamin deficiency (vitamin b - birth defects, folic acid - spina bifida)
maternal stressors

Question 11

what are examples of specific paternal Teratogen influences?

Answer 11

fathers who smoke a pack or more of cigs a day had a 43% increased risk of having a child with cancer
cocaine can damage the sperm and impair grown in fetus and child
alcohol - genetic damage to the sperm leading to birth defects
toxic substances (from work) - increase risk of chromosomal abnormalities increasing risk of miscarriage or birth defects

Question 12

what is a fetoscope?

Answer 12

measures fetal heart rate

Question 13

what did we learn from decasper and fifer’s study in 1980

Answer 13

mother read cat and hat during pregnancy
after birth dr’s measure pacifier behavior while reading cat and hat and found that babies preference their mothers voice. (increase heart rate)

Question 14

what reflexes are present at birth?

Answer 14

Rooting (3-4 months)
Moro (2 months) (PICK ME UP!!)
Stepping (2 months)
Grasping (after 2 months)
Tonic neck (4-5 months)
Sucking (3 months)
Palmar grasp (4 months)
Startle—falling (5 months)
Swimming (6 months)
Plantar—bottom of foot  (1 year)
Babinski—side of foot (1 year)
Withdrawal (life time)

Question 15

how do infants encode stimuli into memory?

Answer 15

through the senses (visual, auditory - sense memories)

when language skills develop they begin encoding using verbal memory

Question 16

what is childhood amnesia?

Answer 16

Memories from before gaining language skills are lost

Usually cannot recall memories from before 3 or 4 years old - which is when they start talking

Question 17

what are some factors in a child’s temperament?

Answer 17

Approach style—positive reaction to new stimuli
Withdrawal style—negative reaction to new stimuli
Biological factors
Nurturing experiences
Usually if a child is happy they will be a happy adult

Question 18

Explain how a child develops head down and from torso outward

Answer 18

child is very close to legally blind at birth, vison gets better over time. Infets pay close attention to a mothers lips and eyes

Question 19

What are some of the key physical and motor development milestones of children 2-5 months?

Answer 19

Eye tracking of movement
Lifts head / torso while on stomach
Holds head steady
Holds onto objects in their hand
Depth perception begins to develop

Question 20

What are some of the key physical and motor development milestones of children 6-9 months?

Answer 20

Rolls over 
Sits upright
Picks up small objects
Shifts objects from hand to hand
Crawls

Question 21

What are some of the key physical and motor development milestones of children 10-12 months?

Answer 21

Pulls themselves upright to standing
Walks with support
Turns pages in a book

Question 22

What are some of the key physical and motor development milestones of children 13-18 months?

Answer 22

Scribbles
Walks unassisted
Points at pictures when asked
Throws a ball and maintains balance

Question 23

who is jean piaget?

Answer 23

was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children.

Question 24

What are Jean Piaget’s cognitive development stages?

Answer 24

Sensorimotor Stage—development of the notion of object permanence
Preoperational Stage—mental representations, conservation and egocentrism
Concrete Operations Stage—mental manipulation of objects
Formal Operations Stage—abstract reasoning

Question 25

What are the key traits of the sensormotor period?

Answer 25

Age - 0–about 2 years Major achievements Object permanence Imitation Also shows stranger anxiety, a discomfort with those other than those with whom they are familiar. If mom and day leave room kid cries

Question 26

What are the key traits of the Preoperational period?

Answer 26

Age - 2–6 or 7 years Major achievement Capacity for mental representation and symbolic play. thinks a dog and cat looks the same No concept of conservation - wants more or all Egocentrism The Theory of Mind begins to develop The child begins to understand others’ points of view. Might not agree with the other view but understands that they have one The ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own

Question 27

What are the key traits of the Concrete Operations period?

Answer 27

Age - 6 or 7–11 years Major achievements Can take another person’s perspective (theory of mind becomes fully developed) Classifying objects. Can put all socks and shirts and pants into separate piles Conservation and other reversible mental operations (math)

Question 28

What are the key traits of the Formal Operations period?

Answer 28

Age - 11 years (at the earliest) Major achievements Abstract concepts and the consequences of their actions Logic—deductive reasoning from the general to the specific Reversibility (use math) Hypothetical thinking and abstractions

Question 29

What have we learned after Jean Piaget's studies?

Answer 29

Competencies often appear at earlier ages than Piaget suggested. IE kids can do math bfore age 11 Theory of mind Can attribute mental states to oneself and to others Piaget underestimated children - he used his own children to experiment

Question 30

what is private speech and how does it change with age?

Answer 30

Private speech is speech spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behavior. Children - often talk to themselves as they play - private game Adults sub-audible (we can't hear it)

Question 31

what is the role of the mother in attachment of children?

Answer 31

mother is the first living thing that baby sees. baby wants to go to mother for comfort video: monkey studies shows the importance of comfort contact. monkey wants comfort more than food ducklings imprint on first thing they see at birth (Lorenz imprinted with ducklings) human don't imprint separation anxiety occurs between age 6 mo-2 yrs

Question 32

what are the 2 categories of attachment styles?

Answer 32

secure and insure attachment

Question 33

what are the characteristics of secure attachment?

Answer 33

(60-70% babies in US) | Upset if CG leaves / not comforted by strangers / calms when CG returns

Question 34

what are the 3 different insecure attachment styles and their characteristics?

Answer 34

``` Avoidant attachment (15-20% babies in US) - Don’t care if CG leaves / comfortable with strangers / don’t go to CG when she returns ``` Resistant (ambivalent) attachment (10-15%) - Stay close to CG / get angry when she leaves / don’t calm when she returns Disorganized/disoriented attachment (5-10%) - Child is depressed & unresponsive / fits of emotion

Question 35

Is daycare bad for children?

Answer 35

depends on Quality of care / Family income ie better income - better daycare 4 to 6 yr. olds in daycare had Better language skills Better thinking skills

Question 36

what are the different parenting styles?

Answer 36

authoritarian style permissive style authoritative style

Question 37

what are characteristics of Authoritarian style of parenting?

Answer 37

Set rules for their children Expect obedience Use punishment often - often physical punishers

Question 38

what are characteristics of Permissive style of parenting?

Answer 38

Few rules No punishment Acquiesce to child’s demands - easier for parents

Question 39

what are characteristics of Authoritative style of parenting?

Answer 39

Set rules with reasoning why the rules are set Encourage discussion Bend the rules when necessary

Question 40

who is Lawrence Kohlberg?

Answer 40

Lawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development.

Question 41

what are Lawrence Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral development?

Answer 41

Preconventional—good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished Conventional—like the “golden rule”; rules are made to help society exist Postconventional—use of abstract arguments

Question 42

what are the critiques of Lawrence Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral development?

Answer 42

Culture-specific - only did this in boston Gender-specific - he only asked boys Reasoning vs. behavior - didn't ask what they would do Conscience Empathy

Question 43

what are the different development stages of adolescence?

Answer 43

Physical development - Puberty Cognitive development - Abstract reasoning Adolescent egocentrism - Imaginary audience-smile, you’re on stage!! (always center of everyone's attention) - Personal fable—I am so very special (i'm the best and very special - sometimes lie about themselves to make them sound better) - Peer pressure (want to be spcial but copy trends to fit in) - peer pressure can be good - ie good influence

Question 44

What are some of the key social and emotional developments in adolescence?

Answer 44

Conflicts with parents (begins @ puberty) - Most frequent in early adolescence - Most intense in mid-adolescence (because they feel and look like an adult without the responsibilities) Mood swings - Depression - Loneliness Risk taking (frontal cortex isn't fully developed yet Men 16-25 take more risks ideal age for army is men age 18-25 (more risk takers) Peer relationships

Question 45

What are some interesting facts about teenage pregnancy?

Answer 45

Down 8% from 2000 to 2010 >50% of births to single mothers in US Single teenage mothers are mostly - Poor - No goal-directed behavior - No father in the home - May be a rite of passage for some in society

Question 46

what changes happen to our bodies as we age?

Answer 46

moment we are born we are programmed to die Genes - skin cells don't replicate Environment - climate changes and environment changes state to state Menopause (for women) - hormonal changes...men have a menopause like change as well. Perception - Cataracts (clouding of the lens) - senses deteriorate. hereditary. - Hearing - 200-400HZ starts to go which is the range of the human voice. This typically falls on mostly men but some women too (men - possibly because they work with loud machinery) - Smell Memory - Recall of specific episodic memories - Working memory forget things...might be that they think they are expected to be forgetful...if they tried harder then might remember Intelligence and specific abilities - Fluid intelligence (ability to solve novel problems - peaks at 26) - Crystallized intelligence (normal everyday problems - peaks at 65) Research methods - Longitudinal studies (drop off overtime...long period study) - Cross-sectional studies ( reviews a specific age set and compares) Cerebral reserve hypothesis Less-differentiated brain

Question 47

What are Erikson's 8 psychosocial stages?

Answer 47

1. Trust vs. mistrust (birth – 18 mo.) 2. Autonomy vs. doubt (18 mo. to 3 yr.) 3. Initiative vs. guilt (4 – 6 yr.) 4. Industry vs. inferiority (7 – 12 yr.) 5. Identity vs. role confusion (12-18 yr.) 6. Intimacy vs. isolation—young adulthood (19-40s) 7. Generativity vs. self-absorption-mid-adulthood (40s to 50s) 8. Ego Integrity vs. despair—into old age (40s to death)

Question 48

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of infancy

Answer 48

0-18mo conflict:Trust v. conflict imp events:Feeding outcome:Caregiver provides proper care or child develops mistrust

Question 49

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of early childhood

Answer 49

18 mo - 3 yrs conflict:Autonomy v. doubt and shame imp events:Toilet training outcome:Personal control or child begins to doubt herself

Question 50

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of preschool

Answer 50

4-6 yrs conflict:Initiative v. guilt imp events:Exploration outcome:Child tries to control his environment

Question 51

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of school age

Answer 51

7-12 yrs conflict:Industry v. inferiority imp events:School outcome:Socialization and academics

Question 52

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of adolesence

Answer 52

12-18 yrs conflict:Identity v. role confusion imp events:Social relationships outcome:Child develops a sense of self

Question 53

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of young adulthood

Answer 53

19-40 yrs conflict:Intimacy v. isolation imp events:Relationships outcome:Form loving friendships

Question 54

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of middle adulthood

Answer 54

40-50 yrs conflict:Generativity v. self-absorpsion imp events:Work and parenthood outcome:Nurturing things that will outlast them

Question 55

Explain conflict, important events and outcome for the psychosocial stage of maturity

Answer 55

65 to death conflict:Ego-integrity v. despair imp events:Reflection on life outcome:Feel a sense of fulfillment withlife

Question 56

what was the average lifespan in 1900?

Answer 56

49 yrs

Question 57

what was the average lifespan in 2014?

Answer 57

80 yrs Elderly are the fastest growing segment of our population

Question 58

what did the video in class about elderly studies or leisure world residents reveal?

Answer 58

active elderly lived longer (45 mins a day is best, 15 mins a day made a difference - doesn't have to be intense) smokers die early vitamins don't make a difference drinking moderate amounts of alcohol live longer 1-3 cups of coffee a day is good (caffeine) maintain or gain weird as you get older is good (average or slightly over weight is best, under weight is bad)

Question 59

What are the 3 stages of the grieving process?

Answer 59

Stage 1: State of shock for about 3 weeks after the death Stage 2: Emotional upheavals, from anger to loneliness and guilt from about 3 weeks to 1 year after the death Stage 3: Grief typically lessens during the beginning of the second year after the death