Chapter 4

Question 1

Glass lenses magnify the image of the specimen in

Answer 1

Light microscopy

Question 2

Electrons are passed through a thin specimen for viewing on a screen in

Answer 2

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Question 3

Electrons are reflected off the surface of the specimen for viewing on a screen in

Answer 3

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Question 4

The average size of a human cell is

Answer 4

30um

Question 5

Human cells range from the smaller _______ to the largest ________

Answer 5

Red blood cell at 7-8 um, oocyte at 120um

Question 6

Human cells can have a variety of shapes such as

Answer 6

Cube, round, columnar, cylinder, disc or irregular

Question 7

The shape and size of a human cell determines its

Answer 7

function

Question 8

The three main structural components of a cell are

Answer 8

Plasma (cell) membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

Question 9

Membrane bound organelles include:

Answer 9

Rough ER, smooth ER, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, peroxisome and lysosome

Question 10

Non-membrane bound organelles include:

Answer 10

Ribosomes, centrosome, proteasome and cytoskeleton

Question 11

Cell organelles are permanent features while stored molecules named ______ vary in amount and presence

Answer 11

Inclusions

Question 12

Three primary functions of any cell are:

Answer 12

Maintain integrity and shape, get nutrients for metabolism, dispose of wastes

Question 13

The lipid components in a cell membrane include

Answer 13

Phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids

Question 14

The cell membrane lipids that form a barrier between the cytoplasm and interstitial fluid are:

Answer 14

Phospholipids

Question 15

The cell membrane lipids that strengthens and stabilizes the membrane is

Answer 15

Cholesterol

Question 16

The cell membrane lipids that contribute to the glycocalyx are

Answer 16

Glycolipids

Question 17

In a membrane’s bilayer, this region is hydrophobic (water-repelling).

Answer 17

fatty acid tails in the middle of the membrane

Question 18

Cell membrane proteins that extend across the width of the membrane are _____ while those associated with only one of the cell membrane surfaces are ____

Answer 18

Integral, peripheral

Question 19

The six major roles of membrane proteins are:

Answer 19

Transport, receptor, identity marker, enzyme, anchoring site, cell-adhesion

Question 20

These membrane proteins have binding sites for chemical messengers (ligands).

Answer 20

receptors

Question 21

These membrane proteins break down chemicals, such as chemical messengers that have finished stimulating the cell.

Answer 21

enzymes

Question 22

These membrane proteins regulate movement of substances across the membrane, and include channels, carriers, and pumps

Answer 22

transport proteins

Question 23

Ions and water can enter or leave the cell through this type of protein in the plasma membrane.

Answer 23

gated or leak channels

Question 24

These transport proteins allow small molecules (such as water) and ions (such as sodium) to continually pass in and/or out of a cell.

Answer 24

leak channels

Question 25

These transport proteins can open and close to control the movement of ions into and/or out of a cell.

Answer 25

gated channels

Question 26

. These glycoproteins contribute to the glycocalyx and help the immune system recognize normal body cells.

Answer 26

Identity marker molecules

Question 27

. These membrane proteins attach to similar proteins in neighboring cells, to hold cells together, and to extracellular molecules, allowing communication with other cells.

Answer 27

Cell-adhesion proteins

Question 28

These membrane proteins or glycoproteins bind to specific chemicals which can signal the cell to perform a specific activity

Answer 28

receptor proteins

Question 29

These membrane proteins attach to cytoskeletal proteins

Answer 29

Anchoring proteins

Question 30

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, powered by the kinetic energy of the individual particles.

Answer 30

diffusion

Question 31

What is the effect of all of the following on the diffusion rate? 1. higher temperature 2. lower molecular weight 3. steeper concentration gradient 4. greater surface area 5. higher permeability

Answer 31

increase diffusion rate

Question 32

The movement of small, nonpolar molecules down a concentration gradient existing across a cell membrane is an example of

Answer 32

Simple diffusion

Question 33

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids can enter or leave a cell through this part of the plasma membrane.

Answer 33

lipid bilayer

Question 34

The movement of charged, polar molecules down a concentration gradient existing across a cell membrane requires a channel protein; this process is

Answer 34

Facilitated diffusion

Question 35

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; the result is a change in the volume of fluid on both sides of the membrane.

Answer 35

osmosis

Question 36

This is a measure of the hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis.

Answer 36

osmotic pressure

Question 37

Name the two processes that move a substance against its concentration gradient

Answer 37

Active transport and secondary active transport (coupled transport)

Question 38

This process uses energy derived directly from ATP breakdown to move a substance against its concentration gradient

Answer 38

Active transport

Question 39

This process uses energy derived from the movement of second substance moving down its concentration gradient to move a substance against its concentration gradient

Answer 39

Secondary active transport (coupled transport)

Question 40

General term for vesicular transport mechanisms that bring large particles or objects into a cell.

Answer 40

endocytosis

Question 41

Vesicular transport used to excrete substances from a cell.

Answer 41

exocytosis

Question 42

Engulfment of large particles -even whole cells - by specialized cells such as white blood cells.

Answer 42

phagocytosis

Question 43

Nonspecific intake of proteins by most cells is by this vesicular transport process.

Answer 43

pinocytosis

Question 44

Selective intake of specific substance by vesicular transport

Answer 44

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 45

Cell communication through direct contact often involves the

Answer 45

Glycocalyx

Question 46

In general, ligands (signals) interact with one of these three cell receptor types

Answer 46

Channel (chemically) linked, enzymatic, G protein-coupled

Question 47

Name the organelle that consists of sacs and tubules involved in synthesis of proteins (in the rough variety) and carbohydrates and lipids (in the smooth variety).

Answer 47

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 48

Name the organelle responsible for packaging cell products for secretion.

Answer 48

Golgi complex

Question 49

This structure, made by the Golgi apparatus, stores cell products and releases them via exocytosis.

Answer 49

secretory vesicle

Question 50

Name the organelle that digests particles that a cell has endocytosed.

Answer 50

lysosome

Question 51

Name the organelle responsible for breaking down amino acids and fatty acids; it is abundant in cells active in detoxification

Answer 51

peroxisome

Question 52

Name the organelle responsible for manufacturing most ATP.

Answer 52

mitochondrion (mitochondria, plural)

Question 53

These small organelles are the site of protein synthesis

Answer 53

ribosomes

Question 54

Name the organelle responsible for breaking down proteins within a cells.

Answer 54

proteasome

Question 55

Name the organelle that organizes the spindle fibers and is necessary for cell division

Answer 55

centriole

Question 56

These cytoskeletal proteins push the chromosomes around during cell division.

Answer 56

spindle fibers

Question 57

The only location for a _________ in humans is on the sperm; it propels the entire cell.

Answer 57

Flagellum

Question 58

These hair-like extensions on the surfaces of some cells provide a way to move fluid over the surface of the cell.

Answer 58

cilia

Question 59

These finger-like projections from a cell's surface increase the absorptive ability of a cell by increasing its surface area. In some cases, they form a thick layer called the brush border.

Answer 59

microvilli

Question 60

This type of cell-to-cell membrane junction prevents materials from moving between cells

Answer 60

Tight junction

Question 61

This type of cell-to-cell membrane junction prevents cells from being pulled apart.

Answer 61

Desmosome

Question 62

This type of cell-to-cell membrane junction allows adjacent cells to move materials directly from one cell to another

Answer 62

Gap junction

Question 63

This type of membrane junction anchors the basal layer of certain types of cells to the underlying components

Answer 63

Hemidesmosome

Question 64

The ______ ______ is a double membrane with pores; the outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 64

Nuclear envelope

Question 65

. Name the organelle that contains the cell's chromosomes

Answer 65

Nucleus

Question 66

Name the region in the nucleus responsible for manufacturing ribosomal RNA.

Answer 66

nucleolus

Question 67

The ______ ______ is a double membrane with pores; the outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 67

Nuclear envelope

Question 68

Name the organelle that contains the cell's chromosomes.

Answer 68

Nucleus

Question 69

Name the region in the nucleus responsible for manufacturing ribosomal RNA

Answer 69

nucleolus

Question 70

In a cell that is not dividing, the filamentous mass of DNA and DNA associated proteins are collectively named

Answer 70

Chromatin

Question 71

The segment of DNA that functions as a discrete unit in DNA expression and codes for one polypeptide

Answer 71

Gene

Question 72

Term for all the genes of one person

Answer 72

genome

Question 73

The system that enables 4 nucleotides to distinguish the 20 different amino acids

Answer 73

genetic code

Question 74

The structures required for transcription are

Answer 74

DNA, ribonucleotides, RNA polymerase

Question 75

The manufacture of RNA from DNA, within the nucleus of a cell

Answer 75

transcription

Question 76

DNA is unwound and hydrogen bonds broken in this part of transcription.

Answer 76

Initiation

Question 77

RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides together after base pairing in this part of transcription.

Answer 77

Elongation

Question 78

The mRNA is completed and DNA hydrogen bonds & rewinds in this part of transcription

Answer 78

Termination

Question 79

The purines found in DNA and RNA

Answer 79

adenine, guanine

Question 80

The pyrimidines found in RNA

Answer 80

cytosine, thymine

Question 81

The base pairs, from the law of complementary base pairing

Answer 81

A-T and G-C

Question 82

The sugar in RNA, instead of the deoxyribose in DNA

Answer 82

ribose

Question 83

DNA or RNA: which is double-stranded?

Answer 83

DNA

Question 84

The required structures for translation are

Answer 84

Ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA and amino acids

Question 85

The manufacture of protein from RNA, in the cytoplasm of a cell

Answer 85

Translation

Question 86

The type of RNA that is a mirror-image copy of the gene and controls the sequence of amino acids when a protein is made

Answer 86

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 87

The type of RNA that is found in the protein-making organelles of a cell

Answer 87

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 88

The type of RNA that delivers amino acids to the proteinmaking organelles in the cytoplasm

Answer 88

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 89

The base sequence AUG is always found at the beginning end of mRNA is the

Answer 89

Start codon

Question 90

One of these three sequences, UAA, UAG or UGA, is the ____ _____ that ends the translation of mRNA.

Answer 90

Stop codon

Question 91

The sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that specifies a single amino acid

Answer 91

base triplet

Question 92

The sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that specifies a single amino acid

Answer 92

codon

Question 93

The sequence of 3 tRNA nucleotides that specifies a single amino acid

Answer 93

anticodon

Question 94

The three steps of translation are

Answer 94

Initiation, elongation and termination

Question 95

The beginning of mRNA translation is _____ as the ribosome subunits and tRNA carrying methionine and the mRNA assemble.

Answer 95

Initiation

Question 96

Charged tRNAs pair their anticodons with the codons on mRNA during the ____ phase of translation.

Answer 96

Elongation

Question 97

A release factor binds at the stop codon of mRNA during the _____ phase of translation

Answer 97

Termination

Question 98

DNA is considered the control center of the cell because

Answer 98

It directs the protein synthesis

Question 99

This type of cell division results in two identical daughter cells.

Answer 99

Mitosis

Question 100

This type of cell division results in 4 genetically dissimilar cells with half the chromosomes of the parent cell.

Answer 100

Meiosis

Question 101

The first gap phase, the stage in a cell cycle right after division, in which the cell grows and functions

Answer 101

G1

Question 102

The synthesis phase in a cell cycle, in which DNA replication occurs; this is the phase in which DNA is most susceptible to mutation

Answer 102

S

Question 103

The term used for making new copies of a cell's DNA in preparation for cell division

Answer 103

replication

Question 104

This brief interval after the S phase includes replication of centrioles and preparation for division

Answer 104

G2

Question 105

The term for the stage of a cell that is not preparing to divide; the cell is performing its specialized functions

Answer 105

G0

Question 106

The mitotic stage in which chromosomes condense in preparation for cell division; each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids connected by a centromere

Answer 106

prophase

Question 107

The mitotic stage in which the chromosomes are arranged at the equator of the cell

Answer 107

metaphase

Question 108

The mitotic stage in which the chromosomes move to opposite poles

Answer 108

anaphase

Question 109

The mitotic stage in which the chromosomes uncoil; cytokinesis usually occurs at the same time

Answer 109

telophase

Question 110

This process evenly divides the cytoplasm and organelles between two daughter cells.

Answer 110

Cytokinesis

Question 111

This process describes the self-induced death of a cell, or cell suicide.

Answer 111

Apoptosis

Question 112

What do "ICF" and "ECF" stand for?

Answer 112

intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid