Chapters 2-3

Question 1

Term relating to the characteristics of having mass

and occupying space

Answer 1

Matter

Question 2

Three forms of matter

Answer 2

Solid, liquid, gas

Question 3

A measure of the amount of matter in an atom

Answer 3

Mass

Question 4

Determination of atomic mass

Answer 4

The number of protons plus number of

neutrons

Question 5

The charge on an electron

Answer 5

negative

Question 6

The charge on a proton

Answer 6

Positive

Question 7

Based on the atomic number the elements in the

Periodic Table are arranged

Answer 7

In consecutive order, in rows, beginning at the

upper left corner

Question 8

The number of protons will equal the number of

_____ in a neutral atom.

Answer 8

electrons

Question 9

Atomic mass minus atomic number determines the

number of _____

Answer 9

neutrons

Question 10

The number of protons determines this for each

element

Answer 10

Atomic Number

Question 11

Location of electrons in an atom

Answer 11

around the nucleus, located in specific orbitals

Question 12

Number of electrons to fill the first 3 orbitals of an

atom

Answer 12

2, 8, 8

Question 13

For any orbital, it is most stable in one of these 2

states

Answer 13

either completely full or completely empty

Question 14

Region in the middle of an atom, where the mass

is centered; composed of protons and neutrons

Answer 14

Nucleus

Question 15

Basic rule on electrons: do they like to be

separate, in pairs, or in other groups?

Answer 15

Pairs

Question 16

True or false: the basic rule on electrons is fill the
first orbital before putting electrons in the second, and
fill the second before putting electrons in the third.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Basic rule on how atoms react: atoms react to

become stable by…

Answer 17

having full valence shells (orbitals)

Question 18

An isotope is an atom that has the same number of

protons and electrons but a different number of…

Answer 18

Neutrons

Question 19

Elements are naturally composed of a variety of
______ and that makes their ______ is a weighted
average of these found in nature

Answer 19

Isotopes, Atomic Mass

Question 20

Unstable atoms, or ______, contain an excess of
neutrons and lose nuclear components as high energy
radiation

Answer 20

radioisotopes

Question 21

The high energy radiation lost by radioisotopes

may be

Answer 21

Alpha particles, beta particles or gamma rays

Question 22

The physical half life of a radioisotope (time for
50% of the element to become stable) is usually _____
the biological half life (time for 50% of the element to
be eliminated from the body.

Answer 22

longer than

Question 23

Based on the valence electron number the

elements in the Periodic Table are arranged

Answer 23

In 8 columns, each column indicating how

many electrons are in the valence shell

Question 24

The ______ is the outermost electron orbital
containing those electrons available for chemical
reactions

Answer 24

Valence shell

Question 25

What does the column number in the Periodic | Table mean?

Answer 25

number of electrons in the valence shell

Question 26

What's so special about the elements in column | VIII?

Answer 26

Their valence shells are filled

Question 27

The fact that elements tend to lose, gain or share | electrons in the valence shell is the

Answer 27

Octet rule

Question 28

Composed of individual particles that have the | same properties.

Answer 28

element

Question 29

An atom or molecule with an electrical charge

Answer 29

Ion

Question 30

These are formed when atoms either give up or | take electrons to have full and stable valence shells

Answer 30

Ions, Ionic Bonds

Question 31

Ions that have given up electrons; they have a | positive charge.

Answer 31

Cations

Question 32

Ions that have taken extra electrons; they have a | negative charge.

Answer 32

Anions

Question 33

While cations are named the same as the element, anions often take a different word ending. The element chlorine forms the ion _____.

Answer 33

Chloride

Question 34

When an element has lost 2 electrons, the charge | on the resulting ion will be

Answer 34

Positive two (2+ or ++)

Question 35

When an element gains 1 electron, the charge on | the resulting ion will be

Answer 35

negative one (-)

Question 36

Atoms with 1, 2 or 3 electrons in the valence shell | will tend to

Answer 36

Donate the electrons acquiring a positive | charge

Question 37

Atoms with 5, 6 or 7 electrons in the valence shell | will tend to

Answer 37

Accept electrons acquiring a negative charge

Question 38

Using the Periodic Table, elements on the left side (Groups IA through III A) tend to

Answer 38

Donate electrons

Question 39

Using the Periodic Table, elements on the right side (Groups VA through VIIA) tend to

Answer 39

Accept electrons

Question 40

The mutual attraction between a cation and an | anion forms this kind of bond.

Answer 40

Ionic Bond

Question 41

In a crystalline mixture of Na+ and Cl- the smallest | repeating unit is NaCl, defining this as an ...

Answer 41

Ionic Compound

Question 42

How many chloride ions are in CaCl2?

Answer 42

2

Question 43

MgCl2

Answer 43

The formula for magnesium chloride

Question 44

An ionically bonded molecule in which the cation is | hydrogen is called...

Answer 44

acid

Question 45

HCO3- and PO4-- are both

Answer 45

polyatomic anions

Question 46

A combination of 2 or more atoms.

Answer 46

Molecule

Question 47

The atoms, along with their ratios, (such as H2O) | are called the ____ _____ of a molecule

Answer 47

Molecular formula

Question 48

The arrangement of each atom in a molecule | represents a ...

Answer 48

Structural formula

Question 49

A _____ formula allows visualization of the | molecule as it is arranged in space.

Answer 49

structural

Question 50

Molecules with the same molecular formula but | different structural formulas are called ...

Answer 50

Isomers

Question 51

One or more covalent bonds will form between | atoms sharing electrons until..

Answer 51

The valence electron shell is filled with 8 | electrons

Question 52

When 2 atoms share electrons, this kind of bond is | formed.

Answer 52

covalent bond

Question 53

The four most common elements forming covalent | bonds in the human body are

Answer 53

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Question 54

In a single covalent bond

Answer 54

Two electrons are shared, one from each | atom

Question 55

In a double covalent bond

Answer 55

Four electrons are shared, two from each | atom, in two pairs

Question 56

In a triple covalent bond

Answer 56

Six electrons are shared, three from each | atom, in 3 pairs

Question 57

In a nonpolar covalent bond, the electrons in the | covalent bond ...

Answer 57

Are shared equally by each atom

Question 58

In a polar covalent bond, the atom attracting the | electron will have either

Answer 58

More protons in the nucleus or fewer electron | shells

Question 59

In a polar covalent bond, the electrons in the | covalent bond

Answer 59

Spend more time around one of the bonded | atoms than the other

Question 60

The main example of a polar covalent bond

Answer 60

oxygen with hydrogen, O-H

Question 61

A second example of a polar covalent bond

Answer 61

nitrogen with hydrogen, N-H

Question 62

Two examples of small polar molecules

Answer 62

water and ammonia

Question 63

A nonpolar molecule is made with

Answer 63

Nonpolar covalent bonds and usually has no | charge on the molecule

Question 64

A ____ molecule usually has a separation of charges on the molecule itself, where one area is more + and another is more –

Answer 64

Polar

Question 65

A molecule with one part that is polar and another part that is nonpolar is _____; an example is phospholipid

Answer 65

amphipathic

Question 66

Since like dissolves like, an amphipathic molecule | can simultaneously dissolve in both

Answer 66

Nonpolar solvents and polar solvents

Question 67

A weak electrical attraction between the positive pole of one polar molecule (always a hydrogen) and the negative pole of another

Answer 67

hydrogen bond

Question 68

Intermolecular attractions between nonpolar molecules, involving momentary unequal distributions of electrons, are called ____ ___ and are very weak.

Answer 68

van der Waals forces

Question 69

. Interactions of a nonpolar molecule placed in a | polar solvent like water are called

Answer 69

Hydrophobic interactions

Question 70

Substances that don't mix well with water are | called _____.

Answer 70

hydrophobic, lipid-soluble

Question 71

The bond between the O and each H in a water | molecule is classified as a _____ _____ bond

Answer 71

polar covalent

Question 72

The bond between the O of one water molecule and the H in a second water molecule is classified as a _____ bond.

Answer 72

hydrogen

Question 73

The covalent bonds between the two hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom in water are polar covalent bonds, with the oxygen portion of water being more ____ and the hydrogen portions being more ____

Answer 73

Oxygen - negative, hydrogen - positive

Question 74

Water molecules can form ___ ____ bonds since the 2 positive hydrogen ends attract the oxygen of two nearby water molecules and the doubly negative oxygen end can attract two hydrogens from nearby water molecules

Answer 74

four hydrogen bonds

Question 75

The intermolecular force most responsible for the | unique properties of water is

Answer 75

Hydrogen bonding

Question 76

The layers of water molecules that surround ions, | attracted by the electrical charge

Answer 76

hydration spheres

Question 77

When two different substances attract each other, | _____ occurs

Answer 77

Adhesion

Question 78

When molecules within a substance attract each | other, _____ occurs

Answer 78

cohesion

Question 79

The cohesive force of water makes it bead up on | waxed paper; we say water has a high _____ _____.

Answer 79

surface tension

Question 80

Hydrogen bonding of water molecules provides for the unique water properties that keeps lungs stuck to the chest wall

Answer 80

High surface tension

Question 81

Hydrogen bonding of water molecules provides for the unique water properties that keeps body temperature from undergoing drastic changes

Answer 81

high specific heat

Question 82

Hydrogen bonding of water molecules provides for the unique water properties that allows sweat to cool the body (evaporation is cooling since it takes a lot heat to vaporize water)

Answer 82

high heat of vaporization

Question 83

Hydrogen bonding of water molecules provides for the unique water properties that allows many substances (salts and nutrients) to dissolve in body fluids

Answer 83

good solvent for polar molecules

Question 84

Molecules that dissolve in water are described as

Answer 84

Polar, hydrophilic or water-soluble molecules

Question 85

Water is almost a universal _____, because it can | dissolve ionic and polar substances.

Answer 85

solvent

Question 86

The particles dissolved in solution are called

Answer 86

solutes

Question 87

Some molecules dissolve and dissociate in water; | these include

Answer 87

Salts (NaCl) and acids (H2CO3 or HCl) and | bases (NaOH)

Question 88

Particles carrying a + or – charge will be produced when molecules both dissolve and _____ in water

Answer 88

dissociate

Question 89

Charged particles produced following a molecule’ s dissolution and dissociation in water are _____, as the solution described will carry an electrical current

Answer 89

Electrolytes

Question 90

Nonpolar molecules will not dissolve in a polar | solvent like water. (T or F)

Answer 90

true