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Flashcards in Chapter 4 Deck (22)
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1
Q

What are the four standard form categorical Propositions?

A
  • All S are P
  • No S are P
  • Some S are P
  • Some S are not P
2
Q

“A” Standard form categorical propositions

A

All S are P.

Universal Affirmative

3
Q

“E” Standard form categorical propositions

A

No S are P.

Universal Negative

4
Q

“I” Standard form propositions

A

Some S are P.

Particular Affirmitive

5
Q

“O” standard form categorical propositions

A

Some S are not P.

Particular Negative

6
Q

Distribution

A

An attribute of the terms of a proposition. A term is said to be distributed if the proposition makes an assertion about every member of the class denoted by the term.

7
Q

Distributed terms of categorical propositions

A
A = S term
E = S and P term
I = no term is dist.
O = P term
8
Q

Contradiction

A

cannot have the same truth value. If one is true, then the other must be false, and vice versa.
A and O
E and I

9
Q

Contrariety

A

Contrary propositions cannot both be true at once but can both be false
A and E

10
Q

Subcontrariety

A

Subcontrariety propositions cannot both be false at once but can both be true
I and O

11
Q

Subalternation

A

If the subaltern is true, then its subaltern is true. If the subaltern is false, then its subaltern is undetermined
A and I
E and O

12
Q

Subalternation

A

If the subaltern is true, then its subaltern is undetermined. If the subaltern is false, the its subaltern is false.
I and A
O and E

13
Q

Modern Square of Opposition

A

The only relationship that matters is contradiction.

14
Q

Conversion

A

S and P switch
valid for:
E and I
valid for A by limitation

15
Q

Obversion

A

Quality cahnges, P takes prefix “non”. Valid for A, E, O, and I propositions.

16
Q

Contraposition

A

S and P switch, each taking the prefix “non”. Valid for A and O. Valid to E propositions by limitation.

17
Q

Quantifiers

A

“all,” “no,” “some,” – words to specify how much of the subject class is included.

18
Q

Existential import

A

If the truth of the proposition requires a belief in the existence of members of the subject class

19
Q

Copula

A

“are,” “are not,” – they link the subject term with the predicate term

20
Q

Quality of Categorical Proposition

A

either affirmative or negative depending on whether it affirms or denies class membership

21
Q

Quantity of Categorical Proposition

A

either universal or particular, depending on whether the statement makes a claim about every member or just some member of the class denoted by the subject term

22
Q

Existential Fallacy

A

From the Boolean standpoint, a formal fallacy that occurs whenever an argument is invalid merely because the premise lacks existential import