Chapter 4

Question 1

demonology

Answer 1

an ancient perspective of crime that considers antisocial behavior as being caused by an evil entity who lives inside an individual and overtakes his or her personality

Question 2

socialization

Answer 2

the process of acquiring a personal identity and learning how to live within the culture of one’s society

Question 3

classical school of criminology

Answer 3

a set of ideas that focuses on deterrence and considers crime to be the result of offenders’ free will

Question 4

(The) Enlightenment

Answer 4

a period during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe in which great strides were made in philosophy and science

Question 5

social contract

Answer 5

the idea that individuals in a society are bound by reciprocal obligations

Question 6

ultilitarianism

Answer 6

the idea of seeking the greatest good for the most people

Question 7

hedonistic calculus

Answer 7

a method proposed by Jeremy Bentham in which criminal offenders calculate the worth of breaking the law by estimating the positive consequences versus the possible negative consequences

Question 8

proportionality

Answer 8

the idea that the most serious criminal offenses should have the most severe penalties

Question 9

scientific method

Answer 9

a process of investigation in which phenomena are observed, ideas are tested, and conclusions are drawn

Question 10

positivist school of criminology

Answer 10

a set of ideas that considers crime to be the result of external, observable forces that can be measured

Question 11

determinism

Answer 11

the idea that everything occurs, including the choices made by human beings, inevitably follows from previously existing causes

Question 12

neoclassical criminology

Answer 12

a theoretical resurgence in classical criminology that emphasizes free will and deterrence and acknowledges some of the effects of positivism on decision making

Question 13

soft determinism

Answer 13

the idea that free will is affected by outside influences

Question 14

permeditation

Answer 14

in reference to crime, the planning of a criminal act

Question 15

deterrence theory

Answer 15

the concept that punishment prevents more crime from occurring

Question 16

specific deterrence

Answer 16

the idea that punishing one person for an offense, usually by incarceration or execution, will prevent that person from committing another offense

Question 17

general deterrence

Answer 17

the idea that punishing one person for an offense will provide an example to others not to engage in crime

Question 18

rational choice theory

Answer 18

the concept that offenders calculate the advantages and disadvantages not only of breaking the law, but also of what type of offense to commit

Question 19

situational crime prevention

Answer 19

an extension of rational choice theory that considers situational factors that can be modified to discourage crime

Question 20

routine activities theory

Answer 20

the concept that crime occurs when three elements converge:
1- motivated offenders
2- attractive targets
3- absence of capable guardians

Question 21

The exorcist

Answer 21

supernatural perspective

devil works through humans to break the law

Question 22

oceans 11

Answer 22

classical school

Offenders weight the risk of getting caught vs the potential rewards for succeeding

Question 23

no country for old men

Answer 23

classical school

Illustrates how the moral calculus is applied to crime

Question 24

a clockwork orange

Answer 24

neoclassical perspective

Alex( the hoodlum) freely chooses to act in antisocial ways
Classical conditioning is used to modify his behavior

Question 25

the silence of the lambs

Answer 25

positivist school mental illness is cause of antisocial behavior

Question 26

Malcolm x

Answer 26

positivist school antisocial behavior

Question 27

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 27

Individuals concede to the sovereign the right to make the rules of society and to enforce them

Question 28

John Locke

Answer 28

To receive obedience, the sovereign must respect the rights of the governed; if the sovereign violated the social contract, subjects had a right to rebel

Question 29

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 29

Inalienable natural rights are granted to humanity because they are inherent in the social contrace

Question 30

Classical school- Hobbes

Answer 30

Giving up one’s liverties and freedoms assures people safety and the uniform enactment and enforcement of laws This extremely negative position is needed to control the competing desired and demands of members of society

Question 31

Classical School- Locke

Answer 31

But, more positive view- The power of the sovereign is not absolute. Sovereign must respect the rights of the governed. If a sovereign violates the social contract, subjects have the right to rebel and demand a change. Sovereign’s power is not ordained by GOD.

Question 32

Classical School- Rousseau

Answer 32

the opportunity to participate in public affairs should be given to as many people as possible. Majority is more often right than wrong. The state has a personality….that has a morality that can fufill the community’s will

Question 33

Natural Law

Answer 33

humanity has inalienable natural rights

Question 34

human law

Answer 34

a product of individuals deceasing how to govern themselves

Question 35

Cesare Beccaria - 6 ideas

Answer 35

1- Rational punishment is necessary to preserve the social contract 2- The legislature makes laws, and a judge determines guilt 3-Individuals act to maximize pain 4-Rationally calculated punishment is a form of social control 5- Deterrence is the object of social control 6- The law should focus on the acts and not the actors

Question 36

Jeremy Bentham ideas

Answer 36

Utilitarianism hedonistic calculus proportionality

Question 37

Classical school principles

Answer 37

Human nature is based on hedonism- Free will- individuals make rational decisions when they decide to break the law Governments must respect citizens’ rights as long as it is consistent with public safety Critizxens are entitiled to due process Citizens are innocent until proven guilty

Question 38

Positivist school principles

Answer 38

scientific method- underlies it offender matters more than the offense intdeterminate sentencing more affective than determinate sentencing

Question 39

indeterminate sentencing

Answer 39

a prison sentence that specifies a range of years to be served, with no set date of release

Question 40

determinate sentencing

Answer 40

a prison sentence that specifies an exact number of years to be served

Question 41

Positivist School Issues

Answer 41

reinforces the social structure that caused offenders to commit crime in the first place Offenders do not then take responsibility for their own actions offenders as different from law-abiding people and in need of intervention to reform. So, they are seen as “sick” or in need of therapy

Question 42

Three limiting factors to idea of free will- neoclassical criminology

Answer 42

premeditation mitigating circumstances insantiy

Question 43

mitigating circumstances

Answer 43

a circumstance in the commission of an act that lessens the degree of criminal culpability ex: stress, poverty, social pressure

Question 44

M'Naghten rule

Answer 44

test for criminal insantiy It is applied to determine whether a person accused of a crime was sane at the time of its commission and, therefore, criminally responsible for the wrongdoing