Chapter 5 Flashcards by Awkward Abbie

an approach that places emphasis on observable facts

positivist

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the practice of determining a person’s character by facial features

physiognomy

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the practice of determining a person’s character and mental faculties by measuring bumps and other features of an individual’s skull

phernology

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the idea that the shape of the body directly predicts the propensity for criminal offending

body-type theory

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the concept that human beings can degenerate or improve through breeding

eugenics

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the practice of determining a person’s character by the shape of the body

somatotype

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the search for the causes of antisocial behavior within the brain or body

biocriminology

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the biological process in which genetic characteristics are inherited by one generation from the last

heredity

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the idea that biological forms change over time through genetic inheritance

theory of evolution

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the idea that public warfare of any sort only helped the unfit survive to weaken society

Social Darwinism

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the idea that some people are born before progressing through all the evolutionary stages to become fully human

atavism

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a condition that occurs when male receive an extra copy of the Y chromosome

XYY syndrome

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action on a whim without consideration fo the consequences

impulsivity

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a group of people who share statistical or demographic characteristics

cohort

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the act of thinking and perceiving

cognition

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a perspective stating that enviornment and learning determine how individuals behave

behaviorism

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a form of learning based on the positive or negative consequences of an action, behavior or activity

operant conditioning

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rewarding a successful action

positive reinforcement

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ending an undesirable consequence as a means of reward

negative reinforcement

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no reaction to a behavior

extinction

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the idea that people learn how to act by watching others and copying the interactions that are rewarded and avoiding those that are punished

social learning theory

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the study of memory, language processing, perception, problem solbing, thinking and other mental processes

cognitive psychology

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a measure of intelligence taken by dividing a person’s mental age by chronological age, then multiplying by 100

IQ (intelligence quotient)

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a mental disorder characterized by a pattern of disregard for the rights of others, as well as impulsive, violent, and aggressive behavior without guilt

antisocial personality disorder

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a mental disorder that involves a severe lack of empathy

psychopathy

Generally, the acquittal of a defendant because he or she is determined to be insane

not guilty by reason of insantiy (NGRI)

early biological theories emerged from his work

Cesare Lombroso

advocated eugenics | argued his data proved offenders were physically inferior

earnest Hooton

argued body-type theory | argued his data showed offenders qwere fine physical specimens

William Sheldon

4.5-4.5-4.5

Sheldon's perfect physique rating

more violent than normal males , with XYY syndrom,believed by 1965 researchers

supermales

XYY case that raised concerns that men with the XYY gene composition could be potential killers

Richard Speck

one gene is not responsible for antisocial behavior

misconception gene 1

genetics cannot explain antisocial behavior in individuals

misconception gene 2

genetically determined antisocial behavior can be changed

misconception gene 3

genetic study reveals information about more than genetic influences

misconception gene 4

genes may predict a peropensity for antisocial behavior

misconception gene 5

novelty seeking, agressiveness, and impulsivity

genetic basis for personality traits

studies that have shown important genetic influences on most types of psychopathology

twin studies

found 10/13 identical twin both criminal 2/17 fraternal twins, both criminal

Johannes Lange

Identical: criminal and criminal 50% fraternal: criminal and criminal 20% - support hypothesis that some genetic influences increase the risk of criminality

Karl Christiansen and Sarnoff A. Mendnick

delinquent teens needed less genetic prompting to break the law and more likely to be influenced by the environment

Swedish Study of 1,133 Twin Pairs

Findings support the claim that the criminality of the biological parents has more influence on the child than does that of the adoptive parents

Denmark Study: 1924-1947

Study showed that the antisocial tendencies of biological parents were more indicative of an adopted subject’s likelihood to break the law than those of the adoptive parents

1983 Danish Adoption Study

characterized as “supportive” of a genetic link to criminality.

adoption studies

Similar environments Correlation vs. causation issue: it appears that there is a significant correlation between the criminality of biological parents and adopted children. But this correlation does not prove causation what could be done to prevent children from committing crimes who are genetically criminal?

adoption studies problems

hemicals that transmit messages between nerve cells in the brain

neurotransmitters

located on the X chromosome. It breaks down neurotransmitters and makes them inactive

MAOA

are more aggressive and react more strongly to stress t

low MAOA

chemicals produced by the body that control the activity of cells and organs

Hormones-

stimulates the development of male sex characteristics | higher amount more likely to be arrested, traffic in stolen property, sustain bad debts, and use a weapon in fights

testosterone

released during stress that activates a fear response to mobilize the body’s resources and provide energy

cortisol

reactions to stress less likely. May also be involved in the development of antisocial behavior psychopathic offenders, aggressive children, adolescents with conduct disorder, and violent adults

Low cortisol levels

increases reactions to stress

high cortisol levels

People with low-responding show little emotional response to others’ distress. The inability to care about others is a factor in moral decision-making

Amygdala

Killed wife and mother before he fatally shot 14 people and wounded 31 from a tower at the University of Texas Autopsy showed a walnut-sized tumor compressing his amygdala Cause of his behavior inconclusive due to so many possible factors

Case of Charles Whitman 1966

Damage impairs emotional and social abilities like empathy, insight, and recognition of emotions in others Mental illnesses: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder show abnormal patterns

prefrontal cortezx

Drug addicts and abusers are enslaved by drugs and commit economic offenses to get the money to support their addiction

The enslavement model.

it is NOT drug users but criminal offenders who turn to drugs. Drug users are offenders and delinquents first because they are always seeking novel, risky experiences

The Predisposition model-

combines first two models. Drug usage does not cause crime but intensifies it

The intensification model

Psychological approach

focuses on cognition- the act of thinking and perceiving - and learned behavior

Psychiatric approach

concerned with neurological processes and illnesses

he source of human behavior is within the individual unconscious, and the environment has only a limited influence on behavior. Criminality results from unconscious conflicts

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

the source of biological drives and desired that demands immediate and continual satisfaction Presewnt at birth, it constitutes the major part of an infant’s personality and will remain a part of the individual’s personality for life

the conscious, rational part of the personality, which emerges when a child discovers that the id cannopt always be satisfied immediately. At this point in development, the child will seek a realistic way to satisfy a basic biological need

EGO

develops between age 3 and 6 Through interactions with their parents, children internalize the moral values of their parents and learn to confrom, to society’s expectations- they develop a conscience

SUPEREGO

The actions and behavior of an adult are understood in terms of childhood development

1st Psychoanalytic perspective

Behavior and unconscious motives are intertwined, and their interaction must be unraveled if we are to understand criminality

2nd psychoanalytic perspective

Criminality is essentially a representation of pscyhological conflict

3rd psychoanalytic perspective

Pre-Moral

Level 1 | Theory of Moral Development

Obedience and punishment orientation The child obeys rules to avoid punishment, conscience is the irrational fear of punishment

Theory of Moral Development | Stage 1: Level 1

Naive hedonistic and instrumental orientation The child’s action is motivated by a desire for reward or benefit. The rightness of the conduct is judged in terms of the extent to which a given action statisfies onself

Theory of Moral Development | Stage 2: Level 1`

Morality of Conventional Role Conformity

Theory of Moral Development | Level 2

“good boy” morality | The child is oriented toward seeking approval of others; consideration is given to needs and intentions of others

Theory of Moral Development | Stage 3: Level2

Law and authority maintain morality The child is oriented toward “doing one’s duty”, respect for authority, and maintianing the social order

Theory of Moral Development | Stage 4: Level 2

Self Accepted Moral Principles

Theory of Moral Development | Level 3

Morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted law The child is concerned with balanci

Theory of Moral Development | Stage 5: Level 3

morality of individual principles of conscience The child is concerned about self-condemnation for violating his or her own principles. The child’s own conscience is the guide, and that guide is based on abstract, universal moral principles

Theory of Moral Development | Stage 5: Level 3

describes an individual’s state of mind only at the time he or she committed an offense

insantiy

Chapter 5 Flashcards

(79 cards)