Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
The materials physical and chemical properties affect how it behaves, determine the harm it can cause, and influence the effect it may have on all it contacts.
A
physical, chemical
2
Q
First responders need to know how to collect hazard and response data that provide information about the substance’s physical and chemical properties.
A
hazard, response data
3
Q
At a hazmat incident, try to identify the materials physical state as early as possible.
A
physical state
4
Q
The material’s state of matter will indicate how mobile that material may become and can help determine if there will be far reaching hazardous properties.
A
state of matter
5
Q
Awareness of hazardous material mobility helps rescuers determine control zones and evacuation distances.
A
material mobility
6
Q
Compressible substance, with no specific volume, that tends to assume the shape of a container.
A
Gas
7
Q
Incompressible substance with constant volume that assumes the shape of its container.
A
Liquid
8
Q
Substance that has a definite shape and size.
A
Solid
9
Q
Gases, liquids, and solids behave very differently. Knowing the state of matter will provide clues on how the incident may progress.
A
state of matter
10
Q
Understanding a material’s behavior enables responders to identify potential hazards as well as protective actions that should be taken.
A
behavior
11
Q
In general, solids are the least mobile and gases have the greatest mobility.
A
gases
12
Q
Solid particle that is formed or generated from solid organic or inorganic materials by reducing its size through mechanical process.
A
dust
13
Q
Suspension of particles that form when material from a volatilized solid condenses in cool air.
A
fume
14
Q
Finely divided liquid suspended in the atmosphere.
A
Mist
15
Q
Form of pressurized mist characterized by highly respirable, minute liquid or solid particles.
A
aerosol
16
Q
Solid particle whose length is several times greater than its diameter is formed by a disruption of the natural state.
A
Fiber
17
Q
Gaseous form of a material that is normally in a solid or liquid state at room temp and pressure.
A
vapor
18
Q
Visible aerosol of a liquid formed by condensation.
A
fog
19
Q
Gases have an undefined shape and volume and keep expanding if uncontained
A
undefined shape
20
Q
Research has shown that 1 and 2 ton quantities of chlorine and anhydrous ammonia released in an open area both initially spread in a 360 radius before being dispersed downwind in some situations.
A
360
21
Q
Gases may travel in unexpected ways, depending on many factors including air movement, topography, and barriers such as walls or buildings.
A
topography
22
Q
The conversion of a liquid to a vapor increases both the hazardous materials mobility and the challenges responders face when dealing with the material.
A
liquid, vapor
23
Q
Micron is the unit of measure typically used to express particle size.
A
Micron
24
Q
Physical properties are the characteristics of a material that do not involve the chemistry or chemical nature of the material.
A
Physical properties
25
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above its own liquid in a closed container.
Vapor pressure
26
A liquids vapor pressure increases as the temp rises.
rises
27
The lower the boiling point of a material, the higher its vapor pressure will be.
vapor pressure
28
If you know the vapor pressure of a material, you can use it as a general gauge to tell how fast a product will evaporate under normal circumstances.
evaporate
29
Boiling point is the temp at which a liquid changes to a gas at a given pressure.
Boiling point
30
Flammable materials with low boiling points generally present special fire hazards.
low boiling points
31
melting point is the temp at which a solid substance changes to a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure.
melting point
32
Some substances will actually sublimate or change directly from a solid into a gas without going into a liquid state in between.
sublimate
33
Vapor density is the weight of a given volume of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure.
Vapor density
34
Solubility in water expresses the percentage of a material that will dissolve in water at ambient temp.
Solubility
35
A material in which the positive and negative charges are permanently separated, resulting in their ability to ionize in solution and create electrical conductivity.
Polar solvent
36
Irritant agents that are water soluble usually cause early upper respiratory tract irritation, resulting in coughing and throat irritation.
water soluble
37
Partially water soluble chemicals will penetrate into the lower respiratory system and cause delayed symptoms that include breathing difficulties, pulmonary edema, and coughing up blood.
Partially water soluble
38
Materials with higher degrees of solubility are easier to control with water.
solubility
39
Miscibility describes the ability of two or more gases or liquids to mix with or dissolve into each other.
Miscibility
40
Incapable of being mixed or blended with another substance.
Immiscible
41
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a material to the density of a standard material, usually an equal volume of water, standard conditions of pressure and temp.
Specific gravity
42
Solubility plays an important role in specific gravity.
Solubility
43
The persistence of a chemical is its ability to remain in the environment.
persistence
44
Persistent nerve agents will remain effective at their point of dispersion for a much longer time than nonpersistent nerve agents.
dispersion
45
Viscosity is the measure of the thickness or flowability of a liquid at a given temp.
Viscosity
46
Odor threshold is the concentration at which the average person can smell a particular compound.
Odor threshold
47
Chemical properties describe the chemical nature of a material and the behaviors and interactions that occur at a molecular level.
Chemical properties
48
Flash point is the minimum temp at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors at its lower explosive limit.
Flash point
49
Fire point is the temp at which a liquid or volatile substance gives off enough vapors to support continuous burning.
Fire point
50
Liquids that have low flash points and burn easily are designated as flammable liquids, whereas liquids with higher flash points that do not burn as easily are called combustible liquids.
flammable liquids, combustible liquids
51
The autoignition temperature of a substance is the minimum temp to which the fuel in air must be heated to initiate self sustained combustion without initiation from an independent ignition source.
autoignition temperature
52
Any liquid having a flash point below 100*F and a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psi
flammable liquid
53
Liquid having a flash point at or above 100*F and below 200*F.
combustible liquid
54
The lowest temp at which a combustible material ignites in air without a spark or flame.
Autoignition temp
55
Minimum temp to which a fuel in air must be heated in order to start self sustained combustion independent of the heating source.
ignition temperature
56
The corrosivity of acids and bases is often measured or expressed in terms of pH.
pH
57
Any chemical that ionizes to yield hydrogen ions in water.
Acid
58
A water soluble compound that chemically dissociates in water to form a negatively charged hydroxide ion.
Base
59
Bases react with an acid to form a salt by releasing an unshared pair of electrons to the acid or by receiving a proton.
electrons
60
Bases often cause more eye damage than acids due to the longer duration of exposure.
eye damage
61
A common sign of exposure to a base is a greasy or slick feeling of the skin, which is caused by saponification the breakdown of fatty tissues.
saponification
62
Compound containing hydrogen that reacts with water to produce hydrogen ions; a proton donor, a liquid compound with a pH less than 7.
Acid
63
Atom that has lost or gained an electron, giving it a positive or negative charge.
Ion
64
Any alkaline or caustic substance, corrosive water soluble compound or substance containing group forming hydroxide ions in water solution that reacts with an acid to form a salt.
Base
65
Process of splitting a molecule or iconic compounds into smaller particles, especially if the process is reversible.
Dissociation
66
Reaction between an alkaline and a fatty acid that produces soap.
Saponification
67
Solution that has a pH between 7 and 14.
Basic solution
68
Ability of a substance to chemically react with other materials, and the speed with which that reaction takes place.
Reactivity
69
Substance capable of chemically reacting with other substances, for example, material that reacts violently when combined with air or water.
Reactive material
70
The chemical reactivity of a substance describes its relative ability to undergo a chemical reaction with itself or other materials.
relative ability
71
Minimum energy that starts a chemical reaction when added to an atomic or molecular system.
Activation energy
72
Many reactions need an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, and some kind of activation energy to get them started.
oxidizing agent
73
Activation energy is the energy needed to start the reaction, much like a blasting cap activating dynamite.
dynamite
74
First responders may see terms as light sensitive, heat sensitive, or shock sensitive on SDSs and/or manufacturers/labels, indicating that those products have an increased susceptibility to those sources of activation energy.
activation energy
75
Stability and reactivity are important factors in chemical interactions.
Stability, reactivity
76
An asphalt roadway could explode if liquid oxygen spills on it and is accompanied by sufficient activation energy.
liquid oxygen
77
Oxidation reduction reactions can be extremely violent and dangerous because they release a tremendous amount of energy.
Oxidation reduction reactions
78
Polymerization is a chemical reaction in which simple molecules combine to form long chain molecules.
Polymerization
79
catalysts will increase the rate of polymerization and decrease the activation energy necessary for further polymerization.
catalysts
80
Materials that may undergo violent polymerization if subjected to heat or contamination are designated with a P in the blue and yellow sections of the ERG.
P
81
Inhibitors are materials that are added to products that easily polymerize in order to control or prevent an undesired reaction.
Inhibitors
82
Liquid oxygen is a powerful oxidizer. If spilled on asphalt, very little activation energy is needed to cause an explosion.
oxidizer
83
Fuel that is being oxidized or burned during combustion.
Reducing agent
84
Substance that readily gives off large quantities of oxygen.
Strong oxidizer
85
Time sensitive inhibitors are added to Liquid styrene before it is shipped.
Liquid styrene
86
The least energetic form of radiation is nonionizing radiation such as visible light and radio waves.
nonionizing radiation
87
The most energetic form of radiation is ionizing radiation.
ionizing radiation
88
Series of energy waves composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light.
nonionizing radiation
89
Radiation that causes a chemical change in atoms by removing their electrons.
ionizing radiation
90
Ionizing radiation can be divided into four types: alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron
alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron
91
Energetic, positively charged alpha particles emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay that rapidly lose energy when passing through matter. Alpha- blocked by dead layer of skin
Alpha- blocked by dead layer of skin
92
Alpha particles lose energy rapidly when traveling through matter and do not penetrate deeply. Can be stopped by a sheet of paper
Alpha particles- can be stopped by a sheet of paper
93
During radioactive decay , alpha particles are emitted from the nucleus of an atom, forming a new element
radioactive decay
94
Neutron radiation is the hardest to protect against because it is highly penetrating.
Neutron radiation
95
Electron - Subatomic particle with physical mass and a negative electric charge
Electron
96
Beta - Fast moving, positively charged protons or negatively charged electrons emitted from the atom's nucleus during radioactive decay. Humans are exposed to beta particles from manufactured and natural sources such as tritium, carbon-14, and strontium - 90.
Beta
97
Beta particles penetrate further than alpha particles but cause less damage over equally traveled distances. Stopped by layer of clothing, a thin sheet of metal, or thick plexiglass
Beta - stopped by layer of clothing, a thin sheet of metal, or thick plexiglass
98
Shielding beta emitters with dense metals can result in the release of x-rays.
x-rays
99
Photon - Weightless packet of electromagnetic energy, such as x-rays or visible light
Photon
100
Gamma - High energy photons. Often accompany the emission of alpha or beta particles from a nucleus. Can easily pass completely through the human body or be absorbed by tissue. Standard firefighting clothing does not protect against
Gamma - standard firefighting clothing does not protect against
101
Gamma radiation levels vary depending on the Isotope and activity.
Isotope, activity
102
Activity refers to the number of atoms in a radioactive material that will decay and emit radiation in a second.
Activity
103
Neutron - Particles that have a physical mass but have no electrical charge. Fission reactions produce neutrons along with gamma radiation. Soil moisture density gauges = neutron radiation
Neutron - soil moisture density gauges = neutron radiation
104
Shielding from neutron radiation requires materials with high amounts of hydrogen, such as oil, water, and concrete.
hydrogen
105
X-rays and gamma rays are high energy electromagnetic radiation commonly referred to as photons.
photons
106
```
Radioactive materials (RAM)
emit ionizing radiation.
```
Radioactive materials (RAM)
107
Material with an atomic nucleus that spontaneously decays or disintegrates, emitting radiation as particles or electromagnetic waves at a rate of greater than 0.002 microcuries per gram. Radioactive materials (RAM)
Radioactive materials (RAM)
108
Radiation exposure occurs when a person is near a radiation source and is exposed to the energy from that source.
Radiation exposure
109
A person may receive a dose of radiation based upon the length of exposure energy, and type of source.
dose
110
Dose - Quantity of a chemical material ingested or absorbed through skin contact for purposes of measuring toxicity.
Dose
111
Radioactive Contamination occurs when radioactive material is deposited on surfaces, skin, clothing, or any place where it is not desired.
Contamination
112
Contamination only occurs when the radioactive material remains on a person or the person's clothing after coming into contact with a Contaminant.
Contaminant
113
Contamination - Impurity resulting from mixture or contact with a foreign substance.
Contamination
114
Contaminant - Foreign substance that compromises the purity of a given substance.
Contaminant
115
The effects of ionizing radiation occur at the cellular level.
cellular level
116
Ionizing radiation can negatively affect the normal operation of the cells that compose human organs.
negatively
117
Radiation may cause damage to any material by ionizing the atoms in that material.
ionizing
118
When atoms are ionized, the chemical properties of those atoms are altered.
altered
119
The biological effects of ionizing radiation depend on how much and how fast a radiation dose is recieved.
biological effects
120
The body is better equipped to handle a Chronic dose of radiation than an acute radiation dose.
Chronic dose
121
Radioactivity - Quantifiable measurement of activity in a sample of material over time.
Radioactivity
122
Exposure - Amount of radiation in the ambient air of a specific place.
Exposure
123
Absorbed dose - Amount of radiation energy deposited in a material.
Absorbed dose
124
Dose equivalent - Absorbed dose plus medical effects.
Dose equivalent
125
Radioactive materials are placarded/labeled Class 7 in transport.
7
126
Doubling the distance from a point source divides the dose by a factor of four.
four
127
When the radius doubles, the radiation spreads over 4 times as much area, so the dose is only 1/4 as much.
1/4
128
Inverse Square Law - Physical law that states that the amount of radiation present is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation.
Inverse Square Law
129
Exposure from fallout is reduced by about 50 percent inside a one story building and by about 90 at a level below ground.
50, 90
130
Using time, distance, shielding to limit exposure to radiation is sometimes referred to as ALARA.
ALARA
131
The degree to which a substance causes harm within the body is called its Toxicity.
Toxicity
132
A chemical injury at the site of contact is termed a local toxic effect.
local toxic effect
133
Systemic effect - Damage spread through an entire system, opposite of local effect, which is limited in a single location.
Systemic effect
134
Nitrogen is a simple asphyxiant because it can dilute and displace oxygen.
Nitrogen
135
simple asphyxiants are gases that displace oxygen.
simple asphyxiants
136
Asphyxiant - Any substance that prevents oxygen from combining in sufficient quantities with the blood or from being used by body tissues.
Asphyxiant
137
Chemical asphyxiant are materials that prohibit the body's cells from using oxygen.
Chemical asphyxiant
138
Statistics reveal 1 in 3 ffs will be diagnosed with cancer during their career. Another 45 percent of ffs will have cancer diagnosed within 7 years of retirement.
cancer, 45*
139
Sensitizers are chemicals that cause a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction after one or more exposures to the chemical.
Sensitizers
140
Smoke is an aerosol comprised of gases, vapor, and solid particulates.
Smoke
141
Carbon monoxide Is a chemical asphyxiant that is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of organic materials.
Carbon monoxide
142
Hydrogen cyanide - Produced in the combustion of materials containing nitrogen, is also commonly encountered in smoke, although at lower concentrations than CO.
Hydrogen cyanide.
143
HCN is a significant byproduct of the combustion of polyurethane foam, which is commonly used in furniture and bedding.
polyurethane foam
144
Carbon dioxide Is a byproduct of complete combustion of organic materials. It acts as a simple asphyxiant by displacing oxygen, also increases respiratory rate.
Carbon dioxide
145
Carbon monoxide - Colorless, odorless, dangerous gas formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon. It combines with hemoglobin more than 200 times faster than oxygen does, decreasing the bloods ability to carry oxygen.
Carbon monoxide
146
Hydrogen cyanide - Colorless, toxic, and flammable liquid until it reaches 79*F. Above that temp it becomes a gas that smells like bitter almonds.
Hydrogen cyanide
147
Carbon dioxide - Colorless, odorless, heavier than air gas that neither supports combustion nor burns, used on Class b or c fires. Waste product of aerobic metabolism.
Carbon dioxide.
148
Biological hazards are microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria that may cause severe, disabling disease or illness.
Biological hazards
149
Viruses - Are the simplest types of microorganisms that can only replicate themselves in the living cells of their hosts. Do not respond to antibiotics.
Viruses
150
Bacteria - Are microscopic, single celled organisms. May cause disease in people either by invading the tissues or by producing toxins.
Bacteria
151
Biological toxins are produced by living organisms, however the biological organism itself is usually not harmful to people.
Biological toxins
152
Infectious diseases are caused by the reproduction and spread of microorganisms in the body.
Infectious
153
Transmittable, able to infect
Infectious
154
Pathogen - Biological agent that causes disease or illness.
Pathogen
155
Contagious - Capable of transmission from one person to another through contact or close proximity.
Contagious
156
Anthrax is a type of bacteria. Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics.
Anthrax
157
Ricin, a biological toxin, is made from castor beans.
Ricin
158
Biological attacks use weaponized forms of disease causing organisms and/or their toxins.
Biological attacks
159
In general, a product's hazard class is assigned based on its most dangerous chemical and Physical properties.
Physical
160
An Explosion is any substance or article with a great deal of potential energy that may rapidly expand and release upon activation.
Explosion
161
Explosives may release energy in the form of light, gas, or heat.
light, gas, or heat.
162
Explosive placards list both a Division number and a compatibility group letter on them.
Division number, compatibility group letter
163
First responders should pay particular attention to the division number, which assigns the level of explosion hazard to the product.
division number
164
Compatibility group letters categorize different types of explosive substances and articles for purposes of stowage and segregation.
Compatibility group letters
165
Explosives will typically be packaged as solids in individual packages or boxes. However, some explosives are liquids such as certain binary explosives.
binary explosives
166
Infectious substance - Substance that is known or reasonably expected to contain pathogens.
Infectious substance
167
Explosive - Any material or mixture that will undergo an extremely fast self propagation reaction when subjected to some form of energy.
Explosive
168
Division number - Subset of a class within an explosives placard that assigns the product's level of explosion hazard.
Division number
169
Binary Explosive - A type of explosive device or material with two components that are explosive when combined but not seperately.
Binary Explosive
170
The primary hazards of explosives are Thermal and mechanical.
Thermal and mechanical
171
Blast pressure wave - Rapidly released gases can create a shock wave that travels outward from the center.
Blast pressure wave
172
The blast pressure wave has a positive and negative phase, both of which can cause damage.
positive, negative
173
An explosion's blast pressure will compress the surrounding atmosphere into a rapidly expanding shock front.
expanding shock front.
174
Depending on its force, this positive pressure wave can be extremely destructive.
force
175
Effects of an explosion include the blast pressure effect, incendiary/thermal effects, the shock front, and the fragmentation effect.
fragmentation effect
176
When a blast occurs at or near ground level, the air blast creates a ground shock or crater.
ground shock
177
As the shock waves move across or underground, they form a Seismic disturbance.
Seismic disturbance
178
The distance the shock wave travels depends on the type and size of the explosion and type of soil.
soil
179
Incendiary thermal effect - Occurs during an explosion when thermal heat energy forms a fireball.
Incendiary thermal effect
180
Explosives may self contaminate as they age, which increases their sensitivity and instability.
sensitivity, instability
181
Explosives that have a mass explosion hazard.
Division 1.1
182
Explosives that have a projection hazard but not a mass explosion hazard.
Division 1.2
183
Explosives that have a fire hazard and either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection hazard or both.
Division 1.3
184
Explosives that present a minor explosion hazard. Largely confined to the package.
Division 1.4
185
Substances that have a mass explosion hazard but are so insensitive that there is little probability of initiation or transition from burning to detonation under normal transportation conditions.
Division 1.5
186
Extremely insensitive articles that do not have a mass explosive hazard. Negligible probability of accidental initiation.
Division 1.6
187
Class 2 materials are gases at normal temps and pressures.
2
188
In addition to burning, all flammable and combustible liquids exhibit varying degrees of Toxicity.
Toxicity
189
Gases can harm via energy release, toxicity, and corrosivity.
energy release
190
Vapor explosion - Occurrence when a hot liquid fuel transfers heat energy to a colder, more volatile liquid fuel.
Vapor explosion
191
As the colder fuel vaporizes, pressure builds in a container and can create shockwaves of kinetic energy.
kinetic energy
192
Consists of any material that is a gas at 68*F or less at normal atmospheric pressure or a material that has a boiling point of 68*F. Ignitable at 13%, flammable range at 12%.
Flammable gas (div. 2.1)
193
Any material which exerts in the packaging an absolute pressure of 40.6 psi or greater at 68*F.
Non-flammable gas (div. 2.2)
194
Material that is a gas at 68*F or less and a pressure of 14.7 psi, known to be so toxic to humans.
Gas poisonous by inhalation (Div. 2.3)
195
Class 3 materials ignite and burn easily.
3
196
Although liquids, in most conditions, Class 3 materials will give off flammable vapors that behave much like gases.
flammable vapors
197
A flammable liquid is generally a liquid having a flash point of not more than 140*F, or any material in a liquid state with a flash point at or above 100*F.
flammable liquid
198
Gasoline placard - May be used in the place of a flammable placard on a cargo tank or a portable tank being used to transport gasoline by highway.
Gasoline placard
199
A combustible liquid is any liquid that does not meet the definition of any other hazard class and has a flash point above 140*F and below 200*F.
combustible liquid
200
An elevated temperature material that meets the definition of a Class 3 material because it is intentionally heated and offered for transportation or transported at or above its flash point may not be reclassified as a combustible liquid.
elevated temperature material
201
Class 4 materials are divided into three categories based on type of reactivity.
4
202
The primary hazards of Class 4 materials are: chemical energy, mechanical energy, corrosivity, and toxicity.
chemical energy
203
Includes wetted explosives, self reactive materials that can undergo a strongly exothermal decomposition.
Flammable solid material (Div. 4.1)
204
Wetted explosives - Explosives with their explosive properties suppressed by wetting with sufficient alcohol
Wetted explosives
205
Self reactive explosives - Materials liable to undergo a strong exothermic decomposition at normal or elevated temps.
Self reactive explosives
206
Readily combustible solids - Solids that may ignite through friction or any metal powders that can be ignited.
Readily combustible solids
207
Includes a pyrophoric material that, without an external ignition source, can ignite within 5 minutes after coming in contact with air.
Spontaneously combustible material (Div. 4.2)
208
Material that, by contact with water, is liable to become spontaneously flammable or to release flammable or toxic gas at a rate greater than 1 liter per kilogram.
Dangerous when wet material (DIV. 4.3)
209
Oxidizers vigorously support combustion, may be explosive, and when combined with fuel, may burn continuously.
oxidizers
210
Organic peroxides are oxidizers with a specific chemical composition that make them prone to reactivity.
Organic peroxide’s
211
Organic peroxides are both fuel and an oxidizer.
fuel, oxidizer
212
Store organic peroxides below the Maximum safe storage temperature.
Maximum safe storage temperature
213
Organic peroxide - Any of several organic derivatives of the inorganic compound hydrogen peroxide.
Organic peroxide
214
Class 5 materials are oxidizers and organic peroxides.
5
215
If organic peroxides reach the self accelerating decomposition temp, they undergo a chemical change and may violently release from their packaging.
self accelerating decomposition temp
216
Poison - Any material excluding gases, that when taken into the body is injurious to health.
Poison
217
Inhalation hazard - Any material that may cause harm via inhalation.
Inhalation hazard
218
Class 6 materials and substances include poisons, poison inhalation hazards, and infectious substances.
6
219
infectious materials are typically shipped in small containers, so there is no placard for them, only a label
infectious materials
220
A biohazard label is used for large and small quantities of regulated medical waste.
biohazard label
221
Material known to contain or suspected of containing a pathogen.
Infectious substance (DIV. 6.2)
222
A pathogen is a virus or microorganism or a proteinaceous infectious particle that has the potential to cause disease in humans.
pathogen
223
Small packages of radioactive materials must be labeled on two opposite sides, with a distinctive warning label.
warning
224
Class 7 radioactive I, II, III labels must always contain the following additional info. Isotope name, radiation activity
Isotope name, radiation activity
225
Isotope - Atoms of a chemical element with the usual number of protons in the nucleus, but unusual number of neutrons.
Isotope
226
Items placarded as radioactive II and III have a maximum allowed TI rating of 50 mrem/hr.
50 mrem/hr
227
Class 7 materials are radioactive and cannot be detected with the senses.
7
228
Class 7 labels will always provide the isotope name, activity level, transport index, and radioactive level.
transport index
229
The energy of radiation gives it the ability to penetrate matter.
matter
230
The strength of a radioactive source is called its activity.
activity
231
The activity of a radioactive source can be defined as the rate at which a number of atoms will decay and emit radiation in one second.
one second
232
The international system unit for activity is the Becquerel, which is the quantity of radioactive material in which one atom transforms per second.
Becquerel
233
The curie is a quantity of radioactive material in which 1 Ci = 3.7 x 10 tenth atoms disintegrate per second.
curie
234
Corrosives are either a liquid or solid that cause full thickness destruction of human skin at the site of contact within a specific period of time, or a liquid that has a severe corrosion rate on steel or aluminum.
period of time
235
Class 9 materials mostly present thermal and chemical hazards.
thermal, chemical
236
ORM-Ds are consumer commodities that present a limited hazard during transportation due to their form, quantity, and packaging.
ORM-Ds
237
Topography makes a significant difference in the consideration needed to determine the appropriate isolation distances.
topography
