Chapter 4: Body Systems and Related Conditions Flashcards
(275 cards)
1
Q
When is homeostasis interrupted?
A
When illness or injury occur
2
Q
Integumentary
A
Skin, nails, hair
3
Q
Musculoskeletal
A
Moving
4
Q
Nervous
A
Transmits signals between brain and body
5
Q
Circulatory or cardiovascular
A
Blood throughout body
6
Q
Respiratory
A
Breathing
7
Q
Urinary
A
Waste from blood
8
Q
GI
A
Nutrients and water from food
9
Q
Endocrine
A
Hormones
10
Q
Reproductive
A
Procreation
11
Q
Immune and lymphatic
A
Fight viruses
12
Q
Body systems made of
A
Organs
13
Q
What are organs
A
Group of tissues that have one function
14
Q
What are tissues?
A
Group of cells that do similar tasks
15
Q
What things can cells do?
A
Live, grow and die. Has structure and function. Smallest unit of life
16
Q
Anterior is AKA ?
A
Ventral
Means front
17
Q
Posterior is AKA?
A
Dorsal
Means back
18
Q
Superior
A
Towards head
19
Q
Inferior
A
Away from head
20
Q
Medial
A
Towards midline
21
Q
Lateral
A
To the side. Away from midline
22
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to torso
23
Q
Distal
A
Away from torso
24
Q
Intergument
A
Natural protective covering
25
How does skin protect you?
Protects internal organs. Protects body against entry of bacteria.
Loss of water
26
Sweat glands
Cool body when needed
27
Sebaceous glands
Oil that lubricates skin.
28
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels
29
Skin also has
Hair follicles and tiny nerve endings
30
What can skin sense?
Heat, cold, pain, touch and pressure
31
Where is body temperature regulated?
Within skin
32
What do blood vessels do when outside temperature is too high?
Dilate to cool off
33
When do blood vessels constrict?
When it is cold. Outside temperature is too cold. Restrict blood reaching skin surface to retain body heat.
34
Normal signs of skin aging
Spots
Less fatty tissue (feeling cold)
Harder, brittle nails.
Dry, itchy, fragile skin
35
Frequency that older people need baths
Once or twice a week
36
Normal or abnormal: white, reddened or purple areas
Abnormal
37
Normal or abnormal: less elastic skin
Normal
38
Normal or abnormal: blisters or bruises
Abnormal
39
Normal or abnormal: dry, flaking skin
Abnormal
40
Normal or abnormal: swelling skin
Abnormal
41
Normal or abnormal: changed skin temperature
Abnormal
42
Human body has how many bones?
206
43
What does musculoskeletal system do?
Give structure and move
44
Point where two bones meet
Joint
45
What connects muscles to bone
Tendons
46
What do muscles do?
Produce heat and move
47
Atrophy
Muscle wastes away and becomes weak
48
Contracture
Muscle or tendon shortens and becomes inflexible. Freezes.
49
Normal or abnormal: muscles weaken and lose tone?
Normal
50
Normal or abnormal: body movement slows
Normal
51
Normal or abnormal: loss of bone density
Normal
52
Normal or abnormal: joints stiffen and height is lost
Normal
53
Normal or abnormal: changes in ability to perform routine
Abnormal
54
Normal or abnormal: changes in ability to perform ROM
Abnormal
55
Arthritis
Inflammation of joints
56
Causes of arthritis
Age
Injury
Illness
57
Autoimmune illness
Body's immune system attacks normal tissue
58
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune
Red, swollen, painful joints.
Movement is eventually restricted
59
Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
Fever
Fatigue
Weight loss
60
Osteoarthritis is AKA
Degenerative joint disease
61
Osteoarthritis
Caused by injury. Usually weight bearing joints. (Hips knees)
Pain and stiffness increase in cold, damp weather
62
Treatment for arthritis
Antiflamatory medication
Local application of heat
ROM
Excercise and activity
Weight loss
63
Normal or abnormal: stomach irritation caused by medication
Abnormal
64
Osteoporosis
Bones lose density. Break easily.
Lack of calcium
65
Osteoporosis is most common when?
After menopause
66
Menopause
Not having period for 12 months
67
Symptoms of osteoporosis
Low back pain
Stooped posture
Becoming shorter
Fractures
68
Prevent osteoporosis
Light excercise
69
How should you move someone with osteoporosis?
Very carefully. Their bones are fragile
70
Signs and symptoms of fracture
Pain
Swelling
Bruising
Changes in skin color
Limited movement
71
Speed as which older people heal
Slowly
72
THR
Total hip replacement
Replace head of long bone of leg (femur) where it joins hip
73
PWB
Partial weight bearing
Some weight on one or both legs
74
NWB
Non weight bearing
No weight on any legs
75
FWB
Both legs can support 100% of the weight on a step
76
To avoid injuries after thr surgery, residents should never
Cross their legs in bed or chair
Turn toes inward or outward
77
After hip replacement surgery, the hip cannot be bent or flexed more than ___º
90
78
Can hips be turned inward or outward after hip replacement surgery?
No
79
Abduction pillows can be used for __-___ weeks after surgery while patient sleeps
6-12
80
What do abduction pillows do?
Immobilizes and positions the hips
81
How should you transfer a resident after hip replacement surgery?
Keep pillow between their thighs so legs are separated.
Stand on strong side.
Strong side leads in pivoting, standing and sitting
82
How do you transfer a resident that had hip replacement surgery to a chair or toilet?
Straighten operative leg, lead with stronger leg. Then bring affected foot to walking position
83
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: redness or bleeding in incision area
Abnormal
84
Normal or abnormal hip replacement : numbness tingling or swelling
Abnormal
85
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: tenderness and swelling of calves of affected leg
Abnormal
86
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: shortening or external rotation of affected leg
Abnormal
87
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: abnormal vital signs, change in Temp
Abnormal
88
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: resident can't use equipment properly and safely
Abnormal
89
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: resident isn't following orders for activity and excercise
Abnormal
90
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: problems with appetite
Abnormal
91
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: improvement
Normal, but should be reported
92
TKR
Total knee replacement
Putting in prosthetic knee. Relieves pain and motion. Stabilizes knees that buckle
93
SCD
Sequential compression device.
Squeezes and releases leg to prevent blood clots
94
Ankle pumps
Simple excercises that promote leg circulation.
Raise toes and feet towards ceiling and then back down
95
When should pain med be preferably given
Prior to moving and positioning
96
Parts or nervous system
CNS (central nervous system)
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
97
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
98
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves that extend through body. Deals with sensations
99
Normal or abnormal:Sensitivity of nerve endings in skin decreases
Normal
100
Normal or abnormal: fatigue or pain with movement or excercise
Abnormal
101
Normal or abnormal: shaking or trembling
Abnormal
102
Normal or abnormal: inability to move one side of body
Abnormal
103
Normal or abnormal: difficulty speaking or slurring speech
Abnormal
104
Normal or abnormal: numbness or tingling
Abnormal
105
Normal or abnormal: disturbance or changes in loss of vision or hearing
Abnormal
106
Normal or abnormal: dizziness or loss of balance
Abnormal
107
CVA stands for
Cerebral vascular accident
108
What is a CVA
Blood supply to brain is blocked, leaks or ruptures.
109
Ischemic stroke
Blood supply to part of brain is interrupted (obstruction does not burst)
110
Hemiplegia
Paralysis on one side
111
Hemiparesis
Weakness on one side
112
One-sided neglect
Ignoring weak or paralyzed side
113
Normal or abnormal: loss of ability to tell where affected body parts are
Abnormal
114
Expressive aphasia
Trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing
115
Receptive aphasia
Difficulty understanding spoken or written words
116
Emotional lability
Inappropriate emotional responses
117
Normal or abnormal: loss of sensations
Abnormal
118
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
119
Poor bladder control can be a consequence of
Stroke
120
Strokes on one side affect
Opposite side
121
How should you communicate with someone who had a stroke?
Ask yes or no questions
Use signals
122
Progressive diseases
Get worse with time
123
Parkinson's
Muscles become stiff.
Tremors or shaking
124
Signs of Parkinson's
Stooped posture
Shuffling gait
"Pill rolling"
Shaking
Slurred speech
Soft monotone voice
125
Multiple sclerosis
Progressive disease that affects central nervous system.
Messages can't be sent correctly to and from brain.
Myelin sheath affected
126
Symptoms of MS
Blurred vision
Fatigue
Tremors
Poor balance
Weakness
Numbness
Tingling
Incontinence
Behavior changes
Loss of function in arms or legs
127
When is MS usually diagnosed?
Early adulthood
128
Can MS be cured?
No, but it can be treated
Might be autoimmune
129
Head injury problems
Intellectual disability
Personality changes
Coma
Memory loss
Loss of consciousness
Paresis
Paralysis
130
Paresis
Weakness or partial paralysis. Loss of muscle function
131
Paraplegia
Lower body and legs lose function
132
Quadriplegia
Lost function in legs,trunk and arms
133
True or false: paralyzed residents may have decreased sensation and might not feel burns
True
134
What does lack of activity lead to?
Poor circulation and fatigue
135
Major sense organs
Eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin
136
Sense organs are part of ____ system
Nervous
137
Normal or abnormal: eye pain or ear pain
Abnormal
138
Normal or abnormal: change in vision or hearing
Abnormal
139
Normal or abnormal: discharge from eyes or red or yellow eyes
Abnormal
140
Cataracts
Lens become cloudy
141
Glaucoma
Pressure increases in eye. Damages retina and optic nerve
142
Signs of glaucoma
Severe pain, nausea, vomiting
143
Symptoms of glaucoma
Blurred vision
Tunnel vision
Halos around lights
144
HTN stands for
Hypertension
145
Threshold for hypertension
130/80
146
Major cause of hypertension
Atherosclerosis
147
Atherosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of blood vessels
148
Signs and symptoms of hypertension
Headaches, blurred vision and dizziness
149
Diuretics
Reduce fluids. Make you urinate. High BP
150
CAD stands for
Coronary artery disease
151
Coronary artery disease
Blood vessels in coronary arteries narrow . Muscles can die
152
Angina
Heart Muscle not getting enough oxygen causes chest pain or discomfort
Pressure or tightness left side
153
Symptoms of angina
Pain in left arm or neck
Pain in jaw
Sweat, pale, dizzy
154
Nitroglycerin
Opens arteries
155
MI
Blood flow to heart is blocked
Myocardial infarction
Damaged
156
True or false: residents after an MI can smoke
False
157
True or false: residents after an MI can be in cold temperatures?
False
158
Congestive heart failure
One or both sides of heart stop pumping blood properly
159
When left side of heart is affected, blood flows into
Lungs
160
When right side of heart is affected blood flows into
Legs, feet or abdomen
161
Can CHF be treated?
Yes, medications can strengthen heart
162
True or false CHF residents might have to restrict fluids or sodium
True
163
True or false: weakened heart makes it harder to do physical activity
True
164
What helps with breathing
Extra pillows,
Keeping head elevated
165
True or false: common side effect of CHF medication is dizziness
True
166
Does dizziness caused by CHF medication have to be reported?
Yes
167
Many CHF medications deplete
Potassium
168
PVD stands for
Peripheral vascular disease
169
Peripheral vascular disease
Legs, feet, arms don't have enough blood circulation
170
What causes PVD?
Fatty deposits in blood vessels that harden
171
Symptoms of pvd
Limbs feel cold
Blue nail beds or feet
Ulcers on legs and feet
Swelling hands and feet
172
Risk factors for PVD
Smoking, diabetes
High cholesterol, hypertension, inactivity, obesity
173
Respiration
Taking in O2 and Removing CO2
174
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
175
How are residents with dyspnea more comfortable?
Sitting up rather than lying down
176
Normal or abnormal: shallow breathing
Abnormal
177
COPD
Hard time breathing and getting air out of lungs.
178
Chronic bronchitis
Irritation and inflammation of bronchi
Usually caused by smoking
179
Emphysema
Chronic lung disease from cigarette smoking
180
Symptoms of emphysema
Coughing
Restlessness
Fast heartbeat
181
Pneumonia
Illness caused by viral, bacterial or fungal infections. Acute inflammation in lung tissue
182
Symptoms of pneumonia
Fever, chills, cough, sputum, chest pains, rapid pulse
183
COPD symptoms
Coughing, wheezing, trouble breathing, cyanotic skin, confusion, anxiety
184
Normal or abnormal: temp over 101
Abnormal
185
Normal or abnormal: changes in breathing patterns
Abnormal
186
Urinary system parts
2 kidneys
2 ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Meatus
187
Functions of urinary system
Eliminates waste, maintains fluid balance
188
Normal or abnormal: bladder doesn't always empty
Normal
189
Normal or abnormal: bladder holds less urine
Normal
190
Urinary incontinence causes
Confined to bed, elderly, paralyzed, circulatory problems
191
Normal or abnormal: incontinence
Abnormal
192
___ is very irritating to the skin
Urine
193
UTI
Infection of urethra, bladder, ureter or kidney
194
GI tract is made of
GI tract and accessory organs
195
3 functions of GI system
Digestion, absorbtion and elimination
196
Digestion
Breaking down food
197
Absorption
Transfer of nutrients from intestines to cells
198
Elimination
Getting rid of wastes
199
In older people digestion is slower t/f?
True
200
Fecal incontinence
Can't control bowels
201
When does constipation happen?
Feces move too slowly
202
Signs of constipation?
Abnormal swelling,
Gas,
Irritability
No BMs recently
203
Enema
Amount of water put into colon to eliminate stool
204
Suppository
Medication given rectally to cause BM
205
Fecal impaction
Hard stool can't be expelled
206
Hemorrhoids
Inflamed veins in rectum
207
GERD
Acid gets into esophagus. Can cause ulcers. Scars can make it difficult to swallow
208
Residents with GERD should not lie down until___ hours after eating
2-3
209
Ostomy
Opening from inside to outside.
210
Colostomy and ileostomy
Surgical removal of intestines
211
Stoma
Artificial opening where intestine comes out from.
Poop comes out
212
Difference between colostomy and ileostomy
Colostomy semi solid stool
Ileostomy. Small intestine..liquid stool
213
Can NAs give ostomy care?
No, unless specially trained
214
Glands
Secrete and produce hormones
215
Hormones
Chemical substances that control bodily functions
216
Normal or abnormal: insulin production decreases with age
Normal
217
Diabetes
Pancreas produces no insulin, too little insulin or doesn't use insulin
218
Insulin
Moves glucose into cells
219
Type 1 diabetes
No insulin or too little insulin. Children and young adults
220
Type 2 diabetes
Most common
Not enough insulin or doesn't use it properly
221
Type 2 diabetes develops at a ___ rate
Slow
222
Prediabetes
Above normal blood sugar but not at diabetic levels
223
Gestational diabetes
High blood sugar in pregnant women who don't have diabetes
224
What do NAs need to know about insulin
When it's taken and when meals need to be served
225
Gonads
Sex glands
226
Normal or abnormal: prostate enlarges
Normal
227
Vaginitis
Inflammation of vagina
228
BPH
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Big prostrate squeezes urethra
Older men
229
Nonspecific immunity
Protects from disease in general
230
Specific immunity
Protects against particular disease
231
Lymphatic system
Removes excess fluid and waste. Helps immune system
232
Parts of lymphatic system
Lymph vessels
Lymph capillaries
Lymph
233
Lymph
Clear yellowish liquid that has lymphocytes
234
Normal or abnormal: response to vaccines decreases
Normal
235
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Attacks body immune system
Caused by HIV (human Immunodeficiency virus)
236
AIDS is the ____ stage of HIV infection
Final
237
When is a person considered to have AIDS
CD4+ lymphocyte count falls below 200
Tumors
Central nervous system infections
238
Tumor
Abnormally growing cells
239
A resident who has AIDS presents nausea and vomiting should
Drink liquids
240
.
241
Normal or abnormal: erectile dysfunction
Abnormal
242
As a person ages the body is less able to handle ___
Stress
243
Normal or abnormal:dulled sense of taste
Normal
244
Normal or abnormal: decreased saliva
Normal
245
Normal or abnormal: flatulence
Abnormal
246
Why is female bladder more prone to infection
Urethra is shorter
247
Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema are grouped under
COPD
248
Common fear with COPD
Not being able to breathe
249
Common side effect of CHF medications is
Dizziness
250
Extra ___ may help residents who have trouble breathing
Oxygen
251
CHF can be treated with
Medications
252
Causes or hypertension
1. Hardening and narrowing of blood vessels
2. Kidney disease
3. Adrenal gland tumors
4. Pregnancy
253
Normal or abnormal:changes in pulse rate
Abnormal
254
Normal or abnormal: decreased ability to perform ADLs
Abnormal
255
Normal or abnormal: decreased sense of heat and cold
Normal
256
Normal or abnormal: slowing of body movement
Normal
257
Can you apply lotion to areas receiving radiation therapy?
No
258
Can you use mouthwash on residents who have Cancer?
No, use baking soda and water or prescribed rinse
259
Type of utensils to use for chemo patients
Plastic
260
Treatments for cancer include
Surgery,
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Targeted therapy
Immuno therapy
Hormone therapy
261
Early symptoms of HIV
Withdrawal
Avoidance
Mental slowness
AIDS dementia
262
Person who has nausea and vomiting should avoid
High fat spicy foods
263
Involuntary weight loss occurs in almost all people who have
AIDS
264
For people with HIV medications must be taken at ,______ times
Precise
265
Is there a vaccine for HIV
No
266
True or false not everyone with HIV will get aids
True
267
It can take ____ for HIV to turn into AIDS
Years
268
HIV symptoms
Flu, fever, muscle aches, cough, fatigue, swollen lymph glands
269
AIDS symptoms
Painful white spots
Cold sores or fever blisters
Cauliflower warts on skin and mouth
Purple red brown skin lesions
270
Nsaids
Anti-inflammatory drugs
271
Nsaids can cause
Belly bleeds
272
Calcium deposits
Rheumatoid arthritis
273
True or false: endocrine system controls sugar levels
True
274
Type 2 diabetes is common in
Obese, family history
275
Decrease in estrogen may lead to loss of
Calcium
