Chapter 4 : Drugs Used in Nervous System Disorders

Question 1

A neurotransmitter that allows a nerve impulse to cross the synaptic junction (gap) between two nerve fibers or between a nerve fiber and an organ (eg muscle, gland)

Answer 1

Acetylcholine

Question 2

An enzyme that brings about the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic gap

Answer 2

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 3

A term used to describe an action or a receptor that is activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine

Answer 3

Adrenergic

Question 4

The absence of the sensation of pain

Answer 4

Analgesia

Question 5

The loss of all sensation. May be described as local (affecting a small area), regional, or surgical (accompanied by unconsciousness)

Answer 5

Anethesia

Question 6

The portion of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions

Answer 6

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 7

A state of involuntary muscle rigidity that is accompanied by immobility, amnesia, and variable amounts of analgesia. Some reflexes may be preserved.

Answer 7

Catalepsy

Question 8

The class of neurotransmitters that includes dopamine, ephinephrine, and norepinephrine. When given, mimic the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 8

Catecholamine

Question 9

Activated by or transmitted through acetylcholine; also called parasympathomimetic. Increase activity in the GI tract

Answer 9

Cholinergic

Question 10

A gland, organ, or tissue that responds to nerve stimulation with a specific action

Answer 10

Effector

Question 11

The site of the synapse between neuron one and neuron two of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 11

Ganglionic Synapse

Question 12

Receptors activated by acetylcholine and muscarine that are found in glands, the heart, and smooth muscle

Answer 12

Muscarinic Receptors

Question 13

Receptors activated by acetylcholine and nicotine found at the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle and at the ganglionic synapses

Answer 13

Nicotinic Receptors

Question 14

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the craniosacral portion of the spinal cord, is mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and is concerned primarily with conserving and restoring a steady state in the body

Answer 14

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 15

A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

Parasympathomimetic

Question 16

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracolumbar spinal cord, is mediated by catecholamines, and is concerned with the fight-or-flight response

Answer 16

Symptathetic Nervous System

Question 17

A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 17

Sympathomimetic

Question 18

Define the difference between an agonist and an antagonist

Answer 18

An agonist combines with a receptor to bring about an action; an antagonist combines with a receptor to block an action

Question 19

The area of the brain that serves to relay information from the spinal cord and brainstem to the interpretation center in the cerebrum is the

Answer 19

Thalamus

Question 20

Most CNS drugs act by ______ or _______ the effects of neurotransmitters

Answer 20

interrupting; interfering with

Question 21

What are the primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors?

Answer 21

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 22

List the 4 primary ways in which drugs affect the ANS

Answer 22

1) Mimicking neurotransmitters
2) Interfering with neurotransmitter release
3) Blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors
4) Interfering with the breakdown of neurotransmitters

Question 23

List 5 indications for the use of cholinergic agents

Answer 23

1) Control vomiting
2) Treat urinary retention
3) Stimulate gastrointestinal activity
4) Treat glaucoma
5) Aid in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

Question 24

Atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate, and aminopentamide are examples of what drug class?

Answer 24

Cholinergic blocking agents (anticholinergic)

Question 25

What category of drug is used to treat cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock?

Answer 25

Adrenergic (sympathomimetic)

Question 26

Propanolol is an example of what category of drug?

Answer 26

Beta Blocker

Question 27

What are some adverse effects of xylazine and what drug may be used to antagonize its effects?

Answer 27

Bradycardia and hypotension; yohimbine

Question 28

Why would you be concerned about using a thiobarbituate to induce anesthesia in a very thin dog?

Answer 28

Thiobarbiturates are very soluble in fat, which acts like a sponge to take the barbiturate out of the circulation and away from the CNS. Thin animals have reduced fat levels, which means that more of the thiobarbiturate remains in the bloodstream and may cause excessive depression of the CNS.

Question 29

What are some characteristics of a cat anesthetized with ketamine? (5)

Answer 29

``` Analgesia Increased muscle tone Maintenance of pharyngeal/laryngeal reflexes Muscle tremors Loss of the blink reflex ```

Question 30

List some of the signs of narcotic overdose (5)

Answer 30

``` Respiratory depression Cardiac depression Agitation Excitement Seizures ```

Question 31

List 2 narcotic antagonists

Answer 31

Naloxone and nalorphine

Question 32

Why should glyceryl guaiacolate not be mixed until just before use?

Answer 32

Because of its tendency to precipitate out of solution when stored

Question 33

You are assisting in the delivery of a litter of puppies and you deliver one that is not breathing adequately. What drug would the veterinarian instruct to give, and by what route?

Answer 33

Doxapram (Dopram) may be administered on or under the tongue, into the umbilical vein, or by intramuscular injection.

Question 34

All psychotherapy drugs are thought to produce their effects by altering _____ activity in the brain

Answer 34

Neurotransmitter

Question 35

Dissociative agents such as ketamine and tiletamine may cause _____ at the injection site

Answer 35

Burning

Question 36

A hypnotic (anesthetic) agent known for its very short duration and its white color is

Answer 36

Propofol

Question 37

An inhibitory neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the brain is

Answer 37

GABA

Question 38

A benzodiazepine that is used as an antianxiety medication and as an appetite stimulant in cats is

Answer 38

Diazepam

Question 39

An example of a tricyclic antidepressant used in veterinary medicine for separation anxiety in dogs is

Answer 39

Clomipramine

Question 40

A drug used to treat old dog dementia

Answer 40

Anipryl

Question 41

The nervous system carries out activity very rapidly by sending electric-like messages over a network of nerve fibers. The _____ system works more slowly by sending chemical messengers through the bloodstream to target structures

Answer 41

Endocrine

Question 42

The ___ nervous system is under voluntary control

Answer 42

Somatic

Question 43

The ___ is the fundamental unit of the nervous system

Answer 43

Neuron

Question 44

Epinephrine is responsible for all of the following except A) can cause an increase in metabolic rate B) can cause an increase in cardiac output C) communication with stem cells in the bone marrow D) can constrict blood vessels in the skin

Answer 44

C

Question 45

Xylazine is antagonized by

Answer 45

yohimbine