Chapter 4 Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Support protection movement mineral storage and hematopoiesis
A
Functions of the skeletal system
2
Q
No movement
A
Synarthrosis
3
Q
Slight movement
A
Amphiarthrosis
4
Q
Free movement
A
Diarthrosis
5
Q
Motion maintenance of posture and production of heat
A
Functions of the muscular system
6
Q
Neurotransmitter for the skeletal muscle
A
ACH
7
Q
Breaks down the ACH once it has transferred the message
A
Cholinesterase
8
Q
A movement of an extremity away from the midline of the body
A
Abduction
9
Q
A movement of the an extremity towards the midline of the body
A
Adduction
10
Q
A movement allowed by certain joints of the skeleton that increases the angle between two adjoining bones
A
Extension
11
Q
A movement allowed by certain joints of the skeleton that decreases the angle between two adjoining bones
A
Flexion
12
Q
A movement of a bone around it’s longitudinal’s axis
A
Rotation
13
Q
A movement of the hand and forearm that causes the Palm to face upward or forward
A
Supination
14
Q
A movement of the hand and forearm that causes the Palm to face downward or backward
A
Pronation
15
Q
A movement that causes the top of the foot to elevate or tilt upward
A
Dorsiflexion
16
Q
A movement that causes the bottom of the foot to be directed downward
A
Plantar flexion
17
Q
Is a myelographic examination that involves injection of radiopaque dye into the subarachnoid space at the lumbar spine to x-ray the spinal cord and vertebral column
A
Myelogram
18
Q
This is used to detect structural disorders such as herniated disc, tumors, or the presence of infection
A
Myelogram
19
Q
Lumbar puncture
A
Spinal tap
20
Q
If this is used assess for allergy history to iodine or seafood, allergies of nature will cause reactions to this and always notify the health care provider if allergies exist
A
Contrast medium
21
Q
This examination can be performed with or without the use of contrast medium
A
Myelogram
22
Q
This examination may involve the entire spine or just the cervical or lumbar area
A
Myelogram
23
Q
After this examination if the dye is used it is removed thru the spinal needle to prevent meningeal irritation
A
Myelogram
24
Q
This is used most often and does not have to be removed because the body absorbs it and then the urine excretes it for a myelogram
A
Water soluble dye
25
Inform the patient that the test is performed with them on a what kind of table that is moved during the test to allow the contrast medium to flow upto the cervical area
Tilting
26
This is the most common discomfort after a myelogram
Headache
27
If water soluble dye is used the patient should lie in what position for approximately 8 hours after the myelogram to keep the dye in the lower spine and it reduces CSF leakage
Semi fowlers position
28
Headache, stiffness in the neck, leg weakness, or difficulty voiding and severely includes seizure, infection, drowsiness, headache, numbness, and paralysis and nuchal rigidity
Risk of myelogram
29
Nuclear scanning test are done in the nuclear medicine department which has scanners and camera detector that record images on radioactive film and are used with low radioactive isotopes
Pet scans
30
Nursing interventions for pet scans
Obtain written consent, inform that the radioactive isotopes won't affect family, and follow the specific instructions for the specific test
31
Musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging assist in diagnosing abnormalities of bone and joint and surrounding soft tissue structures, includes cartilage, synovium, ligaments, and tendons this test uses magnetism and radio waves to make images of cross sections of the body
MRI
32
For this type of test preparation includes removal of any metal, titanium is safe but not if patient was involved in a explosion
MRI
33
This machine looks like a narrow tunnel which completely encloses the patient and they are required to lie still in the machine for 45 to 60 minutes, the patient enters head first and may feel some anxiety or claustrophobia
MRI Machine
34
After this test you must assess vital signs and allow patients to resume pre-test activities and they have no adverse effects
MRI
35
This involves body section examined from many different angles which uses a narrow x-ray beam and produces a three-dimensional picture of the structure being studied and iodine contrast dye is used sometimes and has radiation exposure occurs
CT
36
Get consent form from the patient, asking for allergies, keeping patient NPO, assess VS, voiding before test, removal of all metal, explain that patient must lie still completely during test and may feel warm and slightly nauseated when dye is injected
Patient preparation for CT scan
37
Observe for delayed allergic reactions and encourage fluids
Patient post preparation of a CT
38
This test is typically valuable in detecting metastic and inflammatory bone disease. This involves IV administration of nucleotides 2-3 hours before each test, no food or fluid restriction, and drink only water
Bone scans
39
This is a procedure done to obtain a specimen of body fluids
Aspiration
40
Obtaining consent, explain the procedure, encourage remaining still, voiding before procedure, maintain sterile technique, emotional support, upkeep of dressings, and specimen collection
Nursing interventions of aspiration
41
Is the puncture of a patient's joint with a needle and the withdrawal of synovial fluid for diagnostic purposes
Arthrocentesis
42
Straw colored, clear, or slightly cloudy
Normal synovial fluid
43
With cloudy, milky, sangenius, yellow green or gray
Disease is present in synovial fluid
44
A lighted tube is used to visualize inside a body cavity
Endoscopy
45
Obtain consent, complete a checklist, initiate NPO status, administration of medicine, encourage voiding prior to, and maintain bed rest
Preparation for endoscopy
46
An endoscopic procedure that enables direct visualization of a joint
Arthroscopy
47
Explore the joint to determine the presence of a disease process, drain fluid from a joint cavity, and removes damaged tissue or foreign bodies
Factors for arthroscopy
48
Can perform spinal surgery with less damage to surrounding tissues by passing endoscopic equipment through small incisions
Endoscopic spinal microsurgery
49
This can be performed with the patient under local anesthesia and they treat spinal column disorders such as herniated disk spinal stenosis and spinal deformities such as scoliosis and kyphosis
Spinal microsurgery
50
This uses electrodes to measure electrical activity in specific areas of the body
Electrographic procedure
51
Involves insertion of needle electrodes into the skeletal muscles so that electrical activity can be heard seen on the oscilloscope and recorded on paper at the same time and this can be to detect chronic low back pain based on muscle fatigue patterns
Electromyogram
52
Weight bearing exercises helps maintain bone density, immobility causes the body to loose calcium, bed rest everyday leads to total bone density is loss, loss of activity will reduce bone resorption, and immobilized patient is at increased risk for pathologic fractures
Effects of bed rest on mineral content in bone
53
This is the most serious from of arthritis and can lead to severe joint deformity it's a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
54
Chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane
Synovitis
55
Joint pain and tenderness swelling or stiffness for 6 weeks or longer more than one joint is affected morning stiffness for more than 30 minutes or longer small joints are affected and same joints on both sides of the body are affected
Symptoms of RA
56
Morning stiffness joint pain muscle weakness and fatigue
4 classic symptoms of RA
57
Controlling the disease by administer disease modified and anti-inflammatory drugs provide pain relief reducing clinical symptoms in days to weeks prolonged joint functions and slowing the progression of joint damage
Medical management of RA
58
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Administering prescribed salicylate or NSAIDs
Assist with exercises program
Physical therapy
Encourage ret of inflamed joints
Application of heat and cold therapy
Assist and tech patient to extend joints
Avoid use of pillow
Encourage patient problem
Remain active
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Nursing interventions for RA
59
Is one of the types of arthritis that compromised the rheumatoid disorders and it's a chronic progressive rheumatic disorder that affects the spine
Ankylosing spondylitis
60
The accompanying fixation of the joint
Ankylosis
61
Complaints of the lower backache stiffness and altering or bilateral sciatica pain that last for a few days and then subsides
Subjective data of RA
62
Assessment of tenderness over the spine and sacroiliac region peripheral joint edema and decreased ROM and assessment of VS that may indicate elevated temperature tachycardia and hyperpenia and respiratory difficulties
Objective data of RA
63
Providing a firm mattress bed boards and a back brace helps provide support encouraging the patient to lie on the abdomen for at least 15 to 30 minutes four times daily helps extend the spine turning and positioning every 2 hours postural and breathing exercise help compensate for the possibility of impaired gas exchange caused by the changes in posture and chest cavity size heat and cold applications will reduce inflammation and swelling and by encouraging the patient to use the firm mattress sleep without a pillow and do respiratory exercises
Nursing interventions for RA
64
Is referred to as a degenerative joint disease because it results from wear and tear on the joints it is a non-systemic non-inflammatory disorder that begins with the degeneration of the cartilage of joints thus causing damage to the bones
Osteoarthritis
65
Causes unknown
Primary osteoarthritis
66
Caused by trauma infections previous fractures rheumatoid arthritis stress on weight-bearing joints from obesity occupations placing abnormal stressors on the joints and occupation requiring excessive stooping and bending
Secondary osteoarthritis
67
This disorder most commonly affects the joints of the hand knee hip and cervical and lumbar vertebrae
Osteoarthritis
68
Bicycling and swimming are considered good exercises for people with this disease of the knee walking should be done on level ground as well
Osteoarthritis
69
Questioning the patient about pain and stiffness past illnesses surgical procedures or trauma may be relevant and information about excessive weight gain and occupation may be significant and complaints regarding reduced grip strength are common
Subjective data for OA
70
Assessment for joint edema tenderness instability and deformity
Objective data for OA
71
Appears on the sides of the distal joints of the fingers
Heberden's node
72
Appear on the proximal joints of fingers these nodes are hard bony and cartilaginous enlargements
Bouchards node
73
Encourage the patient to maintain ADLs and adapt to limitations of the disease alternate sitting walking and standing with periods of rest can help reduce joint discomfort and deterioration assist the patient with a weight reduction plan if obesity is a problem if splints are used support of painful joint assessed for neurovascular impairment above and below the side of application check gate enhancers for safety considerations if the patient is on excessive aspirin over a long period of time GI bleeding may occur if necessary perform guaiac test on stool and emesis to determine the presence of occult blood
Nursing interventions for OA
74
Is a metabolic disease resulting from an accumulation of uric acid in the blood it is an acute inflammatory condition associated with ineffective metabolism of purines
Gout
75
Linked with hereditary factors
Primary gout
76
Resulting from use of certain medications are complications of another disease
Secondary gout
77
Is of unknown origin
Idiopathic gout
78
Women who experience gout traditionally are affected after this
Menopause
79
Crystals that form an accumulate in the joints
Purines
80
Calculi containing sodium you're right deposits that develop in a particular fibrous tissue typically impatients with gout
Tophi
81
At night they have excruciating pain edema and inflammation in the affected joint only last a short period of time but return at intervals or it may be severe and continuous for 5 to 10 days they may have repeated attacks or only one attack in a lifetime
Signs and symptoms of gout
82
This includes noting a complaint of pain occurring at not involving the great tower other joints take a dietary history with specific questions on consumption of alcohol and foods high in purines
Subject of data of gout
83
Anchovies yeast Herring mackerel and scallops
Examples of foods high in purines like organ meats
84
Is aimed at getting medications prescribed by the healthcare provider for relief of pain and inflammation observed for side effects increase the patient's fluid intake to at least 2000 ml daily carefully document and take an output advise the patient to avoid excessive use of alcohol and consumption of foods high in purines maintain bed rest enjoy and mobility while the patient is symptomatic bed cradles prevent pressure from bed linens and the affected joints
Nursing interventions for gout
85
Is a disorder that results in loss of bone density the reduction and sufficient to interfere with the mechanical support function of a bone
Osteoporosis
86
A small bone structure and lack of exercise can contribute to the right of bone loss affects the vertebrae neck of the femur pelvis hands and wrists
Genetic and environmental factors for osteoporosis
87
Individuals most at risk for developing osteoporosis
Small and white women and Asian women
88
The first symptom of osteoporosis
A fracture of the vertebrae
89
Questioning the patient about lifestyle practices and complaints of pain that worsens with sitting standing coughing sneezing and straining
Subjective data for osteoporosis
90
Included assessing the patients dowager's hump an increases lordosis scoliosis kyphosis
Objective data for osteoporosis
91
When you administer these drugs first thing in the morning was 6 to 8 oz of water for at least 30 minutes before other medications beverages or food caution that the patient stay sitting upright for 30 minutes after a dose to faciliate passage to the stomach and minimize risk of the esophageal irritation
Administering medications for osteoporosis
92
Foods that are high in calcium including whole and skim milk yogurt turnip greens cottage cheese ice cream sardines with bones spinach and broccoli
Dietary needs for osteoporosis
93
Stress importance of activity and rest provide aerobic exercise schedule caution patient to avoid jogging advance patient to take recommended medications and instruct patient in how to maintain a healthy diet
Nursing interventions for osteoporosis
94
Is a spinal deformity and height loss that results from repeated spinal vertebral fractures
Dowager's hump
95
Is local organized infection of bone and bone marrow and can occur from bacteria introduce through trauma such as a compound fracture or surgery
Osteomyelitis
96
Bacteria that might travel by the bloodstream from another site in the body to a bone causing an infection in osteoporosis
Streptococcus and Staphylococci
97
Includes a complete history of injuries surgical procedures and diseases assess the patients complaints of persistent severe and increasing pain and tenderness as well as regional muscle spasms and inquire any allergies especially by medication wise because antibiotics are giving long term
Subjective data for osteomyelitis
98
This includes a complete history of injury surgical procedures and diseases assess the patients complaints of persistent severe and increasing bone pain and tenderness as well as regional muscle spasms inquire about all allergies to medications because antibiotics are giving long term
Subjective data for osteomelitis
99
This includes careful inspection of any wounds assess the drainage for color and mountain odor monitor vital signs for signs of infection and know any edema specially in joints with limited mobility
Objective data for osteomyelitis
100
This includes gentleness and moving and manipulating the disease extremity because pain is severe in the early phase of infection often irrigate the wound when normal saline or with antiseptic or antibiotics solution and then covered with a sterile dressing using straight surgical asepsis dietary planning includes a high diet and calories protein and vitamins monitor the patient for worsening infection and review lab results
Nursing interventions for osteomyelitis
101
This is a chronic syndrome of unknown origin that causes pain in the muscles bones or joints
Fibromyalgia
102
It contributes to poor sleep headaches altered thought process and stiffness in muscle aches
Characteristics of fibromyalgia
103
Cold or humid weather physical or mental fatigue excessive physical activity and anxiety or stress
Factors that affect fibromyalgia
104
This includes questioning the patient about muscle pain after describes as muscle aches tension or migraine headaches cream menstrual attention dog pain excessive fatigue anxiety and depression
Subjective data for fibromyalgia
105
This includes noting periodic limb movement especially at night or persistent need to move the lower extremities day and night ask about sleep deprivation and the patient's ability to complete self care activities
Objective data for fibromyalgia
106
These are individualized holistic and go oriented management of this focuses on functional goals and enables the patient to live a normal as life as possible treatment programs include education exercises and relaxation techniques patients are taught the basic principles of good sleep hygiene exercise programs consist of general progressive stretching beginning with the muscle warm up through either general exercise or warm bath stretching helps release top muscles non-impact exercises such as swimming walking or stationary cycling is helpful yoga benefits individuals in a variety of ways including promotion of relaxation stress reduction and increase flexibility
Nursing interventions for fibromyalgia
107
Cantrell environmental factors by avoiding large meals two to three hours before bedtime and keeping the sleep environment dark quiet and comfortable exercise regularly each day keep a diary recording sleep patterns maintain regular sleep patterns by going to bed and awaking the same time each day avoiding long naps and taking a hot bath within 2 hours of bedtime and recognize how drugs such as nicotine alcohol and caffeine affect sleep
Sleep hygiene
108
Excision of synovial membrane
Synovectomy
109
Cutting into bone to correct bone or joints deformities
Osteotomy
110
Surgical fusion of a joint
Arthrodesis
111
Repair or refashioning of one or both sides parts or specific tissue within a joint
Arthroplasty
112
Total knee replacement
Knee arthroplasty
113
This joint may be replaced to restore motion relieve pain or correct deformity
Knee arthroplasty
114
This is referred to as partial knee replacement
Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
115
The medial or inside compartment the lateral or outside compartment and the patellofemoral compartment which is where the kneecap rest
The three compartments of the knee
116
This is performed all patients of all ages from teenagers to patients in their 90s the decision to perform this is based on the patient's overall health and expected outcome of the surgery the patient must be able to withstand intensive physical therapy for several weeks to months after the replacement
TKA total knee arthroplasty
117
This includes a medical history of home medications allergies pass surgeries and significant medical problems association for complaints of pain on one or both sides of the knee with weight bearing gather information on the effectiveness of conservative treatments such as medications cortisone injections strengthening exercises weight loss and use of assistive devices such as gait enhancers
Subjective data for knee arthroplasty
118
This includes vital signs and weight patient who are obese or have significant information are not candidates for this surgery assess the patient's understanding of the surgical procedure
Objective data for knee arthroplasty
119
Check positioning every 2 hours address the wound care for the knee surgery improve with activity slowly control pain and discharge instructions after the surgery
Nursing interventions for knee arthroplasty
120
Total hip replacement
Hip arthroplasty
121
This is performed commonly when arthritis involves the head of the femur and acetabulum additional indications for this include fractures tumors an injuries
Hip arthroplasty
122
This includes assessing the patient's level of orientation because older adults can become disoriented from changing the environment and effects of anesthesia and other prescribed medication complaints of unrelief pain and numbness tingling or paresthesia indicate neurovascular impairment
Subjective data for hip arthroplasty
123
This includes assessment of the patient's compliance with nursing interventions to promote circulation prevent impairment of skin integrity and prevent hypostatic pneumonia by which means as coughing turning and breathing every 2 hours and using an incentive spirometer assess vital signs carefully assess drainage of the surgical wound at least every 4 hours assess approximation of the incision line and signs of information it says traction for the correct amount of weight the proper alignment and maintenance of the affected leg in the abducted position look for the any reaction to the cement signs of phlebitis and urinary retention
Objective data for hip arthroplasty
124
These are aimed at the assessment of potential complications and the promotion of healing and facilitating mobility always take vital signs every 4 hours explain analgesic therapy including medications dose and schedule if the patient is a candidate for a PCA or pce explain the concept and routine respond quickly to pain complaints obtain pain rating from patients and strict patient to request analgesics before pain is severe administer analgesics as ordered and per hospital policy or procedure encourage the use of analgesics 30 to 45 minutes before therapy change position every 2 hours document on responses to analgesics allow patient to dangle fee at bedside several minutes before getting out of bed reinforce physical therapist orders maintain weight-bearing status to affect the extremity and prescribed keep abduction pillow between legs while turning in bed do not have a patient lie on the upper decide maintain the leg and abduction position when the patient is lying supine or in a non-operative side encourage the patient to use trapeze in bed to assist mobility
Nursing interventions for hip arthroplasty
125
These are the leading type of fracture requiring treatment in the hospital facility women are greater risk for these because they have increased likelihood to develop osteoporosis and longer life expectancy compared with men
Fracture of the hip
126
These fractures include enter a capsular fractures in which the femur is broken inside the joint sub capital or the femoral head or neck trans cervical and basal intercapular fractures May disrupt the blood supply to the head of the femur which subsequently develops a vascular necrosis
Fractures of the hips
127
Severe pain and tenderness in the region of the fracture cell or inability to move the leg voluntarily and shortening or external rotation of the leg
Signs and symptoms of hip fractures
128
This includes an accurate history of the events before the injury assess the patient's level of orientation the patient's medical and surgical history is significant patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease who are taking anti-acids are using proton pump inhibitors all right greater risk
Subjective data of a hip fracture
129
This includes assessment for soft tissue injury with arrhythmia or ecchymosis noted look for differences between the injured limb and the uninjured limb a change in the curvature or length of biome May indicate a fracture
Objective data for a hip fracture
130
These are at greater risk for impaired skin integrity of bed rest is ordered
Thin and obese patient
131
Pulselessness paresthesia paralysis or paresis polar temperature pallor puffiness or pain
The seven p's when completing the assessment for circulation
132
These are prosthetic implants
Bipolar hip replacement or a hemiarthroplasty
133
These are concerned with preventing shock and further complications elevate the head of the bed at a maximum of 45° to avoid acute flexion of the hip and strain on the fixation device instruct the patient not to cross the legs because this can add up the affected extremity and dislocate the hip limit weight bearing on the hip by providing walking assistance such as a walker or crutches
Nursing interventions for a fractured hip
134
Direct Force which causes a fracture at the side of the trauma torsion as a twisting injury in which the fracture occurs at the point remote from the trauma or Violent contractions involving high developed muscles
Fractures my result from this
135
Fracture line extends entirely through the bone with the periosteum disrupted on both sides of the bone
Complete fracture
136
Bone is splinted into three or more fragments at the side of the break there is more than one fracture line
Comminuted fracture
137
Brake runs directly across the bone at the right angle to the bones axis
Transverse fracture
138
Break runs diagonally across the bone at approximately a 45° angle at the shaft of the bone
Oblique fracture
139
Bright cools around the bone this is sometimes called a torusion fracture and results from the twisting force
Spiral fracture
140
Sometimes called a telescope to fracture because one bone fragment is where it's forcibly into another bone fragment and long bones this is a shortened of the extremity
Impacted fracture
141
And complete fracture in which the fraction line extends only partially through the bone the bone is broken and bent but still secured at one side this fracture is common in children because their bones are softer and more flexible than the those of adults
Greenstick fracture
142
This fracture of the distal portion of the radius within one end to the wrist joint commonly occurs when a person attempts to break a fall by putting the hands down
Colles fracture
143
A car's at the distal end of the fibula and is characterized by chipping off a piece of the medial malleus with a displacement of the foot outward
Potts fracture
144
Bonnie deposits form between and around the broken end of the fractured bone during healing
Callus
145
Or grating sound may be heard if a limb has moved gently
Crepitus
146
They're essentially the same for any surgical patients proteins calcium and vitamins are very essential the patient should be instructed on good food sources for each vitamin d is found in many of the calcium rich foods in addition to tofu some seafood and fortified cereals fluid should be encouraged as well with any well balanced diet exercise of the unaffected joints muscle setting exercises skin care and elimination are important considerations in patient care
Nursing interventions for other fractures
147
Lean meats eggs nuts and beans
Protein rich foods
148
Dark leafy green vegetables low fat diary products and soy
Good sources for calcium
149
How to move comfortably in bed how to transfer safely in and out of bed weight-bearing restrictions and activity limitations including how long these must be observed proper use of ambulatory assistive devices how to avoid edema in the effective part by proper elevation how to control pain or discomfort in the effective part exercise to perform and maintain strength and enhance circulation and proper method of cleansing pansies and surgical Asics is part of the healthcare providers protocol
Patient teaching for other fractures
150
Injuries such as diving accidents or blows to the head or body can result in fractures of these
Fracture of the vertebrae
151
Patience with osteoporosis and metastatic cancer are at risk for this
Vertebrae fracture
152
This involves the vertebral body lamina and articulating processes and may occur with or without displacement
Fractions of the vertebrae
153
This includes assessment of pain numbness tingling and inability to move extremities from below the level of the trauma site
Subjective data for fracture of the vertebrae
154
This includes careful assessment of the neurologic function and papillary reaction to light hand group ability to move extremities level of orientation vital size and reaction to painful stimuli also observed for fecal and urinary retention and for signs of hemorrhage such as hypo extension tachycardia tachypnea and decrease renal functioning
Objective data for fracture of the vertebrae
155
While growing the patient for the position changes after the correct procedure for turning a patient in a bed such as a stryker frame or Foster bed elevating the head of the bed no more than 30° using stabilization devices for the head in the back and it says the community for traction and skin integrity
Nursing interventions for fracture the vertebrae
156
Using a fire mattress sitting in straight firm chairs when allowed using proper lifting techniques and doing back exercises to strengthening spinal extensor muscles
Patient teaching for fracture of the vertebrae
157
This results from trauma involving great force such as files from extreme heights automobilic accident or question accidents when the trauma is severe enough to fracture this vital abdominal organs such as the bladder vagina uterus liver spleen intestines or kidneys also may be damaged
Fracture of the pelvis
158
This includes complaints of pelvic pain or tenderness and back aches complaints of restlessness anxiety and progressions disorientation may be signs of shock
Subjective data for the fraction of the pelvis
159
This includes assessment of muscle spasms in the pelvic region ecchymosis over the pelvis perineum going or sub-pubic area and ability to raise the legs when supine and external foot rotation on the affected side with noticeable shortening of one leg vital signs assessment may be indicate shock and careful observation for fat embolism syndrome is especially protein in it for patients with this
Objective data for fracture of the pelvis
160
It says for ecchymosis over pelvis and perineum monitor vital signs over 15 minutes for evidence of shock until stable and start a Foley catheter for healthcare providers in order to monitor color and amount of urinary output monitor parental fluids per healthcare providers order provide quiet therapeutic environment administer oxygen per healthcare providers order maintain bed rest for health care providers order and monitor bowel sounds and measure abdominal growth to a certain possible lacerated bowel
Nursing interventions for fractions of the pelvis
161
This is a pathologic condition caused by the progressive development of arterial vessel compression and reduce blood supply to one of the body's compartments typically in an extremity
Compartment syndrome
162
This includes pain assessment usually the patient complains of sharp pain that increases with passive movement of the hand or the foot patient exercises deep unrelenting progressive and poorly localized pain and relieved by analgesics or elevation of the extremity numbness or tingling in the affected extremity is common
Subjective data for compartment syndrome
163
This includes assessment of the patient's inability to flex the fingers or toes coolness of the extremity and absence of pulsation and the affected extremity assess for skin color for signs of power or sinosis dental palpation of the extremity reveals showing of capillary refill time close monitoring and proper documentation of vital signs are essential
Objective data for compartment syndrome
164
Include administration of analgesics with careful documentation of relieved obtained apply copax and remove any constricting material such as an elastic bandage provide careful instructions to the patient who may feel isolated encourage patients to express their fears and emotional needs and vogtleman's contracture is a permanent contractor that can occur as a result of compartment syndrome
Nursing interventions for compartment syndrome
165
With a claw hand flexion of wrist and fingers in a trophy of the forearm
Volkman's contracture
166
This is a bone is vascular and can occur with the result of blood loss from the fractured bone or from served blood vessels same especially in open fractures pain and fear can also cause this
Shock
167
This includes monitoring the patient's level of consciousness restlessness or complaints of anxiety may suggest a decrease in cerebral perfusion resulting in brain hypoxia and complaints of weakness and lethargy are common
Subjective data for shock
168
This includes monitoring vital signs typical signs of shock include hypotension tachycardia diaphoresis and tachypnea as this progresses hypothermia occurs the patient may be he have pails cool moist skin oliguria is present and with this as well
Objective data for shock
169
This involves the immobilization of fat tissue with platelets and circulating free fatty acids within the pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary fat embolism
170
This includes long bone and pelvic fractures cross injuries and hip replacement surgeries and can occur within the first 48 hours of these injuries and is the most serious complication of a long bone
Risk factors of pulmonary fat embolism
171
This includes assessment of mental disturbances such as irritability restlessness disorientation super in a coma these symptoms can result from effects of severe hypoxemia
Subjective data for pulmonary fat embolism
172
This includes assessing for tachypnea discipnea hypoxemia and auditory crackles and waves in the lung field access the applicant to take the transmission and assess the patient for a red rash in the buckle membranes conjunctival sacs hard palate caused by occlusions of the capillaries
Objective data of pulmonary fat embolism
173
This includes close monitoring of the patients arterial blood gases check the leader flow of oxygen and educate patients in their families on safety precautions necessary when oxygen is administrated careful stabilization and immobilization of long bone fractures are important steps to preventing this syndrome careful support when turning and positioning the patient can prevent the manipulation of the fracture and reduce the risk of fat embolism syndrome reproducing the patient has little as possible before fracture immobilization because the danger of dislodging more fat droplets into the general circulation and an accurate I&,o and daily weight is essential to monitor fluid balance
Nursing interventions for pulmonary fat embolism
174
7.35 to 7.45
Ph
175
35 to 45 mmhg
Paco2
176
80 to 100 mmhg
Pao2
177
21 to 28 meq/l
Hco3
178
95 to 100%
Sao2
179
Is a severe infection of the skeletal muscle caused by gram-positive cholesterol bacteria particularly c diff which may occur in the presence of open fractures and lacerated wounds
Gas gangrene
180
Hemolysis vessel thrombosis and damage to the myocardium liver kidneys and brain
Reasons for a closterodial bacteria
181
This includes observation of pain which is usually sudden and severe at the side of the injury a characteristic finding is toxic delirium
Subjective data for gas gangrene
182
This includes careful inspection of the skin for gas bubbles at the side of the wound the various clostridium species produce a characteristic cellulitis in which gas is present under the skin observed for signs of infection and the skin around the wound becomes infected and ruptures revealing necrotic muscle
Objective data for gas gangrene
183
Include wound care using strict medical asepsis for me bacteria are not destroyed by ordinary disinfecting methods and follow drainage and secretion isolation procedures to prevent the spread of infection to the other patients
Nursing interventions for gas gangrene
184
This is a condition in which the blood vessel is included by the endless carried in the bloodstream from the side of the formation of the clot
Thromboembolus
185
This includes careful investigation of complaints of pain in the lower extremities a complaint of tenderness over the area's common and the patient may complain of sharp pain in the thoracic area with the embolus in the lung
Subjective data for thromboembolus
186
This includes assessing science consistent with thromboembolus the affected area may be erythematous warm to touch and edematous assess for differences in like size bilaterally from the thigh to the ankle observe the patient for dispenia and blood in the spoon of pulmonary embolus is present when anticoagulant therapy is ordered access for signs of bleeding such as epi access hematuria hemaremesis and occult or gross blood in the stool
Objective data for thromboembolus
187
This involves caring for patients who physical activity has been restricted often involves better with the the bed elevated to a advantageous return takes the patient to engage in active exercises continuous hot moist compressors usually are pneumatic assess lung signs over 4 hours and adhere to the activity ordered
Nursing interventions for thromboembolus
188
These are used to hobo fragments in normal positions Cast skeletal and skin traction braces and metal pins are examples of these devices
External fixation devices
189
This is One external fixation technique that immobilizes fractures with pins inserted through the bone and attached to a rigid external metal frame this is becoming more popular because it provides ready to support of communion open fractures injected non-unions and infected unstable joints
Skeletal pin external fixation
190
These are immobilization devices the materials must use for the casting it or flasher and fiberglass material selection largely depends on the location of the fracture and the time needed for the healing to take place
Casts
191
This is an alternative appliance to the traditional leg cast it provides support and stability of the plaster cast and additionally support and mobility to provide by hinge brace
Cast brace
192
This includes education on preventing infection irritation neurovascular pressure and misalignment of bone ends handle the weight class gently and support it with the flight of the hand or on pillows to avoid indentions that cause pressure to the skin and leave the skin to impairment never use the bar in a fascia cast or support when turning the patient turning the patient frequently aids and drying process elevating the cast extremity reduces edema and a short patients using crutches to support their weight on their hands whiteboard on the axilla can damage the brachial plexus nerve
Nursing interventions for a cash price
193
These are removed with an electric vibrating saw rather than a cutting saw reassure the patient that there is little risk of the song entering the skin beneath the cast even though it is noisy and it looks like a cutting saw prepare the patient for the slot of the skin beneath the cash patients may be distressed by the appearance of the extremity after the cast is removed
Cast removal
194
This is the process of putting an extremely bone or group of muscles under tension by means of weights and pulleys they may be used to align and stabilize a fracture side by reducing and fractured part really pressure on nerves in the case of herniated disc syndrome maintain correct positioning prevent deformities and relieve muscle spasms
Traction
195
This is used as a temporary measure to provide support and comfort to a fractured extremity while waiting for more definitive treatment this is a horizontal plane with an effective extremity it's frankly used to maintain the reduction of the hip fracture before surgery and it can also be used to treat muscle spasms and minor fractures of the lower spine
Buck's traction
196
There's a similar to backstraction however I need sling supports the effective leg it allows more movement and bad and permits flexion of the knee joint this is used commonly to treat hip and a fractures
Russell's traction
197
Her patients attraction include measures to maintain the body of proper alignment and careful assessment of traction equipment the police must remain off the fortunes are correct alignment care of the patient the skeletal traction involves assessment of the pan size 10 size care included cleansing with a prescribed that agent using a sterile constant applicator antibiotic ointment may be prescribed for the pen insertion sites
Nursing interventions for traction
198
This involves proper measurements leave 2 in with between the auxiliary fold and the arm piece on the crutches rubber tips on the ends of the crutches to prevent slippage and adequate muscle strength in the upper extremities to support the patient's weight
Crutch safety
199
These are most common soft tissue injuries and injury from a blow or blunt force cause local bleeding under the skin and possibly a hematoma the severity of this depends on the part of the body affected
Contusions
200
This cancer result from ranching or hyper extension of a joint tearing the capsule and ligaments and can involve bleeding into a joint compensate include the knee ankle and cervical spine
Sprain
201
This is often referred to as a twisted ankle and is caused by a wrenching or twisting of the foot and the ankle
An ankle sprain
202
These are characterized by microscopic muscle tears as a result of the overstretching muscle and tendons and acute strain results when the muscles and tendons are overstretch and a forceful movement such as a uncustomized vigorous exercise
Strain
203
These usually involve tearing of the joint or capsule and involves stretching of the joint capsule both are temporary displacements of Bones and their normal positions within a joint
Dislocation
204
These include chemical burns ocular trauma cervical injury soft tissue injury and upper extremity and chest trauma
Airbag injuries
205
This is a painful disorder of the wrist and hand it is caused by information and edema the synovial lining of the tendon sheets in the carpal tunnel of the wrist
Carpal tunnel syndrome
206
This is the rupture of a fabric cartilage surrounding the inner vertical disc releasing the nucleus populous and cushions of the vertebral above the and below this puts pressure on the nerve roots lumbar and cervical herniations are most common
Herniation of the intervertebral disc
207
This might be primary or secondary and may be banana malignant
Tumors of the bone
208
This is of a portion of the entire Trinity might be necessary because of malignant tumors injuries and paired circulation congenital deformities and infections most of these are elective surgeries unless they are related to trauma
Amputation
209
Pain fell in the area of the missing extremity as if it were still present
Phantom pain
210
Burning itching hot warmth cold and tingling
Symptoms of phantom pain
211
Capillary refill test meaning to wine or pale with signals circulation status
Blanching test
212
Common posture deformities include lateral cyrvage of the spine
Scoliosis
213
Around the thoracic spine hunt back the parents such as dowagers hump
Kyphosis
214
An increase in the curve at the lumbar space region and throws the shoulders back resulting in the swayback gate
Lordosis
