Chapter 4 Exam II Flashcards
1
Q
In order from innermost to outermost, what are the layers of the heart wall?
A
Endocardium, Myocardium, Pericardium
2
Q
Which endothelial type is present in endocardium?
A
Simple squamous
3
Q
Endocardium is characterized by:
A
Looser, fibro-elastic CT layer
Dense irregular CT (more collagen I and elastic fibers, some smooth muscle)
Sub-endocardial layer (BVs, nerves and purkinje fibers)
4
Q
The sub-endocardial layer contains:
A
Purkinje fibers
5
Q
Purkinje fibers contain stores of:
A
Glycogen
6
Q
How are Purkinje fibers attached?
A
Gap junctions and macula adherens
7
Q
What is the function of Purkinje fibers?
A
To conduct contraction impulse rapidly
8
Q
Atria vs. Ventricle?
A
Atria: Less muscle and more elastic fibers
Ventricle: Well-developed muscle layer
9
Q
What is represented by the transverse portion of intercalated discs?
A
Macula adherens and fascia adherens
10
Q
What is represented by the longitudinal portion of intercalated discs?
A
Large gap junctions
11
Q
Functions of intercalated discs.
A
Attach cardiac myocytes using macula adherens, attach and stabilize myofibrils using fascia adherens and cell-to-cell communication using gap junctions
12
Q
Specialized cardiac muscle cells are called:
A
Myoendocrine cells
13
Q
Hormones function in:
A
Fluid and electrolyte balance (target- kidneys) and decreased blood pressure (target- small arteries/arterioles)
14
Q
Epicardium is also called:
A
Visceral pericardium
15
Q
Epicardium consists of which layers?
A
Sub-epicardial layer and mesothelium
16
Q
Which epithelial type is found in mesothelium?
A
Simple squamous
17
Q
Which layer of the epicardium secretes a serous lubricating fluid?
A
Mesothelium
18
Q
Which layer of the epicardium contains coronary vessels and nerves?
A
Sub-epicardial layer
19
Q
Which type of pericardium is a mirror image of epicardium?
A
Parietal pericardium
20
Q
Parietal pericardium contains which layers?
A
Mesothelium and a layer of fibro-elastic CT
21
Q
The pericaridlal sac is made up of:
A
Parietal and fibrous pericardium
22
Q
How much liquid does the pericardial cavity hold?
A
15-50 ml
23
Q
The pericardial cavity is located between:
A
Parietal and visceral pericardium (epicardium)
24
Q
Which type of connective tissue has many collagen I and elastic fibers and is almost avascular?
A
Dense irregular CT
25
The cardiac skeleton is made up of which type of connective tissue?
Dense irregular CT
26
What are the three components of the cardiac skeleton?
Annuli fibrosis, trigonum fibrosum and septum membranaceum
27
The annuli fibrosis is located where?
Around the base of the aorta, pulmonary artery and openings to the chambers
28
The trigonum fibrosum is located where?
By cusps of aortic valve
29
The septum membranaceum is located where?
Upper portion of interventricular septum
30
Which cardiac skeleton layer functions to provide an origin and insertion for cardiac myocytes?
Septum membranaceum
31
Chordae tendinae are made up of which type of CT?
Dense regular CT
32
What is the general function of the cardiac skeleton?
Isolates atrial and ventricular myocardia to ensure individual chamber contractions
33
Chest pain usually brought on by exertion is termed:
Angina
34
What causes angina?
Slow, progressive narrowing of coronary vessels, therefore, less oxygen
35
Abnormal heart rhythm is called:
Dysrhythmia
36
Dysrhythmia can result when:
Damage or death occurs to Purkinje fibers and other conducting tissues
37
Which condition results often due to an infection in the pericardial cavity?
Pericarditis
38
What becomes inflammed in pericarditis?
Serous pericardium (Parietal and visceral pericardia)
39
What are the three luminal wall layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima, media and adventitia
40
Which luminal wall layer is a continuation of the endocardium?
Tunica intima
41
Which luminal wall layer is a continuation of the myocardium?
Tunica media
42
Which luminal wall layer is a continuation of the epicardium?
Tunica adventitia
43
The tunica intima is the continuation of which heart wall layer?
Endocardium
44
The tunica media is the continuation of which heart wall layer?
Myocardium
45
The tunica adventitia is the continuation of which heart wall layer?
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
46
Which luminal wall layer is a continuation of visceral pericardium?
Tunica adventitia
47
Elastic arteries are also called:
Conducting arteries
48
Examples of elastic arteries include:
Aorta, common iliacs, common carotids, brachiocephalics and subclavians
49
Characteristics of tunica intima in elastic arteries.
Attenuated endothelium, thin/incomplete internal elastic lamina, thicker CT w/ elastic fibers/collagen I/fibroblasts/smooth muscle
50
Characteristics of tunica media in elastic arteries.
Primarily fenestrated sheets of elastic fibers w/ some collagen I/smooth muscle, thin external elastic lamina possible and outer portion typically contains vasa vasorum (small BVs that supply larger BVs)
51
Characteristics of tunica adventitia in elastic arteries.
Loose fibroelastic CT and numerous vasa vasorum,
52
Which luminal wall layer contains internal elastic lamina?
Tunica intima
53
Which luminal wall layer contains external elastic lamina?
Tunica media
54
Which luminal wall layers exhibit vasa vasorum?
Tunica media and adventitia
55
Which luminal wall layer contains fenestrated sheets of elastic fibers?
Tunica media
56
Which luminal wall layer contains attenuated endothelium?
Tunica intima
57
Which luminal wall layer exhibits numerous vaso vasorum?
Tunica adventitia
58
Muscular arteries are also called:
Distributing arteries
59
Which luminal wall is the thickest and most dominant in muscular arteries?
Tunica media
60
Which luminal wall layer is the thinnest in muscular arteries?
Tunica intima
61
Which luminal wall layer contains sulfated GAG's and vaso vasorum in muscular arteries?
Tunica adventitia
62
In muscular arteries, the tunica media is richly innervated by which type of nerves? Why?
Sympathetics; strong contraction over a small area
63
In which structures will the tunica intima and tunica media NOT have their respective elastic lamina?
Arterioles
64
Which arteries are the largest?
Elastic arteries (Conducting arteries)
65
Examples of muscular arteries include:
Brachial, radial, renal and femoral
66
In muscular arteries, the tunica media is composed primarily of which type of muscle?
Circular smooth muscle
67
Arterioles are important in determining:
Blood pressure
68
With increased age, the number of elastic laminae increase in which luminal wall layer?
Tunica media
69
An increase in which substances, after middle age, leads to decreased flexibility in muscular arteries?
Collagen and proteoglycans
70
Which vessels are greatly affected by age?
Coronary vessels
71
An increase in _____ blood pressure can occur as a result of decreased elastic fibers and increased collagen I.
Systolic
72
"Hardening of the arteries" is medically called _____, and occurs most commonly in which arteries?
Atherosclerosis; largest of the arteries
73
In atherosclerosis, what happens to luminal wall layers?
Tunica intima becomes infiltrated with soft lipids causing lumen diameter to decrease, and tunica media is often affected due to collagen I and sulfated GAG accumulation
74
Which luminal wall layer is prone to injury, irritation and infection in atherosclerosis?
Tunica media
75
Which luminal wall layer may degenerate in atherosclerosis?
Tunica intima
76
An increase in tunica intima width leads to:
Decrease in lumen size
77
Short, terminal arterioles that lack a true tunica media are called:
Metarterioles
78
Metartioles lack which luminal wall layer?
Tunica media
79
Metarterioles lead to capillaries and _____ that lead to venules.
Thoroughfare channels
80
What controls blood flow into true capillaries?
Pre-capillary sphincters
81
Metarterioles are found:
Within all capillary beds
82
In which organs is the AVA open? Closed?
Open: Erectile tissues
Closed: Skin and stomach
83
Which luminal walls are thicker in AVA?
Tunica media and adventitia
84
What is the function of an AV shunt?
To control AVA lumen size, therefore the amount of blood into the capillaries
85
Blood flow into capillaries is controlled or influenced by:
Metarterioles, AVAs, Lumen size of terminal arteriole and pre-capillary sphincters
86
What is the appearance of cells in the structure of a capillary?
Single layer of flattened endothelial cells
87
What structure of a capillary forms tiny pockets through the cytoplasm?
Pinocytic vesicles
88
What is the function of a pinocytic vesicle?
Movement of large molecules
89
Which cell junction is present in capillaries?
Fasciae occludens
90
What are the functions of fasciae occludens in capillaries?
Move macromolecules and allows cell movement
91
Types of capillaries?
Continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries and sinusoidal capillaries
92
Which type of capillary is most common?
Continuous capillaries
93
Continuous capillaries are located:
Muscle, CT, and many organs
94
Pericytes are present in which type of capillary?
Continuous
95
Residual mesenchyme cells that secrete basement membrane and matrix components are called:
Pericytes
96
What are the functions of pericytes?
Healing and regulate blood flow
97
What is the name of the capillary that has a zonula occludens instead of a fasciae occludens?
Modified continuous capillary
98
Where are modified continuous capillaries found?
CNS
99
The zonula occludens of a modified continuous capillary provides barrier regulation, but is influenced by:
Astrocytes
100
Where are fenestrated capillaries located?
Pancreas, intestines, kidneys and endocrine organs
101
Fenestrated capillaries contain pores with thin protein diaphragms that contain how many fibrils?
8
102
Function of fenestrated capillaries?
To allow greater movement of molecules and cells
103
Where are sinusoidal capillaries located?
Bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphatic organs and certain endocrine organs
104
Which type of capillary has an enlarged diameter and many large fenestrae with NO protein diaphragm?
Sinusoidal
105
What is the function of sinusoidal capillaries?
Enhanced exchange between blood and tissues
106
How are veins similar to arteries?
They have 3 tunics
107
How are veins different than arteries?
Not as uniform in structure, often larger and there are more of them (highly variable)
108
Valves contain 2 flaps of which type of luminal wall?
Tunica intima
109
Functions of valves?
Protection by preventing backflow and work w/ skeletal muscle to keep blood moving
110
Venules are determined by _____, NOT _____.
Tunics NOT diameter
111
Post-capillary venules lack which type of luminal wall?
Tunica media and tunica adventitia
112
Collecting venules lack which type of luminal wall?
Tunica media
113
Which luminal wall type is present in all types of venules?
Tunica intima
114
Small veins are similar to venules EXCEPT they have:
A complete tunica media
115
The thickest and most dominant luminal wall type of medium and large veins is the:
Tunica adventitia
116
Which types of veins are exceptions to the typical structure?
Superficial veins of legs (well-developed tunica media), pulmonary veins (same), superior and inferior vena cava
117
Enlarged and winding superficial veins in the legs are termed:
Varicose veins
118
What causes varicose veins?
Loss of skeletal muscle tone, degeneration of vessel wall and valve incompetence
119
Varicose veins located in the lower esophagus are called:
Esophageal varices
120
Esophageal varices are common in ____ and are caused by _____.
Alcoholics; portal hypertension
121
Varicose veins located at the end of the anal canal are called:
Hemorrhoids
122
Functions of lymphatic vessels.
Drain excess interstitial fluid, transport lymph to lymph nodes and transport lymph to blood stream
123
Which type of capillaries structurally resemble continuous blood capillaries?
Lymphatic capillaries
124
Small lymphatic vessels resemble:
Venules
125
Lymphatic ducts empty into the venous system at the junction of:
Right internal jugular and subclavian veins
126
Two types of lymphatic ducts.
Short right LD and thoracic duct
