Chapter 5 Exam II Flashcards
1
Q
If a bug is in your nose, which part of the filtration system will be at work?
A
Large particle filter
2
Q
Which part of the filtration system will be used to clear dust and pollen?
A
Medium particle filter
3
Q
Which part of the filtration system will be active in removing bacteria and viruses?
A
Small particle filter
4
Q
What is the surface epithelium type of the vestibule in the nasal cavity?
A
Keratinized stratified squamous
5
Q
In which part of the nasal cavity will vibrissae be present?
A
Vestibule
6
Q
Which surface epithelium will be present in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
A
Respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar)
7
Q
The mucociliary apparatus consists of _____, and is a part of which filter?
A
Goblet cells and ciliated columnar cells; medium particle filter
8
Q
Which products are produced by seromucous glands?
A
Lysozyme (anti-bacterial), interferons (anti-viral), cytokines (stimulates defensive cells) and air humidity
9
Q
What type of surface epithelium makes up the olfactory region?
A
Olfactory epithelium w/ supporting and basal cells and olfactory neurons
10
Q
Which epithelial type predominates in paranasal sinuses?
A
Repiratory epithelium
11
Q
What possible problem is present in regards to LP in the paranasal cavity?
A
Ostia are small, so if LP swells, ostia is blocked and sinus infection thrives
12
Q
What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx?
A
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
13
Q
The superior subdivision of the pharynx.
A
Nasopharynx
14
Q
The middle subdivision of the pharynx.
A
Oropharynx
15
Q
The inferior subdivision of the pharynx.
A
Laryngopharynx
16
Q
Which surface epithelium is present in the nasopharynx?
A
Respiratory epithelium
17
Q
Which type of surface epithelium is present in the oropharynx?
A
Stratified squamous
18
Q
Which surface epithelium predominates in the laryngopharynx?
A
Stratified squamous
19
Q
Which tonsils are present in the nasopharynx?
A
Pharyngeal tonsils
20
Q
Which tonsils are present in the oropharynx?
A
Palatine and lingual tonsils
21
Q
Which subdivision of the pharynx has no tonsils present?
A
Laryngopharynx
22
Q
Which fascia is present in the submucosa of the pharynx?
A
Pharyngobasilar fascia
23
Q
What are the two unique features about the muscularis externa of the pharynx?
A
All skeletal muscle and reversed pattern (usually inner layer is circular and outer is longitudinal but here it’s the opposite; longitudinal is inner and circular is outer)
24
Q
The unique features of the muscularis externa in the pharynx are also seen where?
A
Ureters
25
Which fascia is present in the adventitia of the pharynx?
Buccopharyngeal fascia
26
The upper surface of the larynx consists of which type of surface epithelium? Lower surface?
Stratified squamous (lower surface will transition to respiratory)
27
What are the functions of cartilage in the larynx?
Maintain an open airway and aid sound production
28
What types of cartilage are present in the larynx?
Hyaline (thyroid, cricoid and inferior arytenoid)
| Elastic (Epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate and superior arytenoid)
29
What is the general function of the epiglottis?
Prevents food from entering the larynx
30
Which type of surface epithelium predominates in vestibular folds below the epiglottis and laryngeal vestibule?
Respiratory
31
Which surface epithelium is present in the laryngeal ventricle?
Stratified squamous
32
Which surface epithelium is present in the vocal folds?
Stratified squamous
33
What is the function of the vocal folds?
Protect from abrasion and prevent drying of tissues due to rapid air movement
34
Below the epiglottis and laryngeal vestibule, what supports the vocal folds?
Lamina propria
35
Which muscle is striated and is located deep to the mucosa?
Vocalis muscle
36
The vocalis muscle will adduct to narrow which structure?
Rima glottidis
37
Which epithelial type is present in the trachea?
Respiratory
38
Which cell types are most common within the surface epithelium of the trachea?
Goblet (30%), ciliated columnar (30%) and basal cells (30%)
39
DNES are small granular cells also called:
Kulchitsky cells
40
What is the function of DNES?
Secrete in LP to influence other cells in the respiratory epithelium
41
The submucosa of the trachea contains _____ and blends with LP.
Hyaline cartilage C-ring
42
Which structural trends are observed in bronchi?
Decreases in: cartilage, glands and goblet cells and height of epithelium
Increases in: smooth muscle and elastic CT
43
Extrapulmonary bronchi include _____ bronchi, while intrapulmonary bronchi include _____ bronchi.
Primary; Secondary and tertiary
44
Clara cells are present where?
Bronchioles
45
What do Clara cells produce?
Surfactant-like material
46
What is the first region of respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles
47
How are respiratory bronchioles different than terminal bronchioles?
Respiratory bronchioles have some simple squamous epithelium that allows for gas exchange
48
What is the function of alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs?
Gas exchange
49
Which cells types are most common in alveoli?
Type I pneumocyte (~95% of alveolar surface), Type II pneumocyte and alveolar macrophages
50
Which alveolar cell contains squamous-type cells with zonula occludens between cells?
Type I pneumocyte
51
Which alveolar cell contains cuboidal cells?
Type II pneumocyte
52
Which alveolar cell type functions as a stem cell for either type I or type II?
Type II pneumocyte
53
Alveolar macrophages develop from:
Monocytes
54
Which alveolar cell type produces pulmonary surfactant and lysozyme?
Type II pneumocyte
55
What is the name of the region between two alveoli?
Interalveolar septum
56
The region where oxygen and CO2 pass between the air and blood is called the:
Blood-Gas barrier
57
The blood-gas barrier consists of which alveolar cell type?
Type I
58
Fused basal lamina is shared between:
Alveolar type I and endothelial cell of capillary
59
Which alveolar cell type appears to synapse with nerve fibers?
Type II
60
Chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract will lead to an increase in _____ and a decrease in _____.
Increase in goblet cells (mucus increases) and a decrease in ciliated columnar cells (congestion increases)
61
If a lot of coughing occurs as a result of irritation or metaplasia, which epithelial type replaces respiratory epithelium?
Stratified squamous
62
Respiratory distress of newborns is also called:
Hyaline membrane disease
63
What causes RDS or hyaline membrane disease?
Too few mature Type II alveolar cells
64
What causes emphysema?
Inflammation from infection, smoking or irritants
65
Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a protein that protects:
Elastic fibers
66
Alpha-1 AT is produced by _____ and is inactivated by _____.
Hepatocytes; free radicals in cigarette smoke
67
Emphysema results in _____ elastin, which then results in _____ alveolar elasticity.
Decreased elastin; decreased alveolar elasticity
68
Is emphysema reversible?
Negative, ghostrider...
69
Which part of the filtration system will be used to clear dust and pollen?
Medium particle filter
70
Which part of the filtration system will be active in removing bacteria and viruses?
Small particle filter
71
What is the surface epithelium type of the vestibule in the nasal cavity?
Keratinized stratified squamous
72
In which part of the nasal cavity will vibrissae be present?
Vestibule
73
Which surface epithelium will be present in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
Respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar)
74
The mucociliary apparatus consists of _____, and is a part of which filter?
Goblet cells and ciliated columnar cells; medium particle filter
75
Which products are produced by seromucous glands?
Lysozyme (anti-bacterial), interferons (anti-viral), cytokines (stimulates defensive cells) and air humidity
76
What type of surface epithelium makes up the olfactory region?
Olfactory epithelium w/ supporting and basal cells and olfactory neurons
77
Which epithelial type predominates in paranasal sinuses?
Repiratory epithelium
78
What possible problem is present in regards to LP in the paranasal cavity?
Ostia are small, so if LP swells, ostia is blocked and sinus infection thrives
79
What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
80
The superior subdivision of the pharynx.
Nasopharynx
81
The middle subdivision of the pharynx.
Oropharynx
82
The inferior subdivision of the pharynx.
Laryngopharynx
83
Which surface epithelium is present in the nasopharynx?
Respiratory epithelium
84
Which type of surface epithelium is present in the oropharynx?
Stratified squamous
85
Which surface epithelium predominates in the laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous
86
Which tonsils are present in the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal tonsils
87
Which tonsils are present in the oropharynx?
Palatine and lingual tonsils
88
Which subdivision of the pharynx has no tonsils present?
Laryngopharynx
89
Which fascia is present in the submucosa of the pharynx?
Pharyngobasilar fascia
90
What are the two unique features about the muscularis externa of the pharynx?
All skeletal muscle and reversed pattern (usually inner layer is circular and outer is longitudinal but here it's the opposite; longitudinal is inner and circular is outer)
91
The unique features of the muscularis externa in the pharynx are also seen where?
Ureters
92
Which fascia is present in the adventitia of the pharynx?
Buccopharyngeal fascia
93
The upper surface of the larynx consists of which type of surface epithelium? Lower surface?
Stratified squamous (lower surface will transition to respiratory)
94
What are the functions of cartilage in the larynx?
Maintain an open airway and aid sound production
95
What types of cartilage are present in the larynx?
Hyaline (thyroid, cricoid and inferior arytenoid)
| Elastic (Epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate and superior arytenoid)
96
What is the general function of the epiglottis?
Prevents food from entering the larynx
97
Which type of surface epithelium predominates in vestibular folds below the epiglottis and laryngeal vestibule?
Respiratory
98
Which surface epithelium is present in the laryngeal ventricle?
Stratified squamous
99
Which surface epithelium is present in the vocal folds?
Stratified squamous
100
What is the function of the vocal folds?
Protect from abrasion and prevent drying of tissues due to rapid air movement
101
Below the epiglottis and laryngeal vestibule, what supports the vocal folds?
Lamina propria
102
Which muscle is striated and is located deep to the mucosa?
Vocalis muscle
103
The vocalis muscle will adduct to narrow which structure?
Rima glottidis
104
Which epithelial type is present in the trachea?
Respiratory
105
Which cell types are most common within the surface epithelium of the trachea?
Goblet (30%), ciliated columnar (30%) and basal cells (30%)
106
DNES are small granular cells also called:
Kulchitsky cells
107
What is the function of DNES?
Secrete in LP to influence other cells in the respiratory epithelium
108
The submucosa of the trachea contains _____ and blends with LP.
Hyaline cartilage C-ring
109
Which structural trends are observed in bronchi?
Decreases in: cartilage, glands and goblet cells and height of epithelium
Increases in: smooth muscle and elastic CT
110
Extrapulmonary bronchi include _____ bronchi, while intrapulmonary bronchi include _____ bronchi.
Primary; Secondary and tertiary
111
Bronchioles are characterized by:
112
Clara cells are present where?
Bronchioles
113
What do Clara cells produce?
Surfactant-like material
114
What is the first region of respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles
115
How are respiratory bronchioles different than terminal bronchioles?
Respiratory bronchioles have some simple squamous epithelium that allows for gas exchange
116
What is the function of alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs?
Gas exchange
117
Which cells types are most common in alveoli?
Type I pneumocyte (~95% of alveolar surface), Type II pneumocyte and alveolar macrophages
118
Which alveolar cell contains squamous-type cells with zonula occludens between cells?
Type I pneumocyte
119
Which alveolar cell contains cuboidal cells?
Type II pneumocyte
120
Which alveolar cell type functions as a stem cell for either type I or type II?
Type II pneumocyte
121
Alveolar macrophages develop from:
Monocytes
122
Which alveolar cell type produces pulmonary surfactant and lysozyme?
Type II pneumocyte
123
What is the name of the region between two alveoli?
Interalveolar septum
124
The region where oxygen and CO2 pass between the air and blood is called the:
Blood-Gas barrier
125
The blood-gas barrier consists of which alveolar cell type?
Type I
126
Fused basal lamina is shared between:
Alveolar type I and endothelial cell of capillary
127
Which alveolar cell type appears to synapse with nerve fibers?
Type II
128
Chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract will lead to an increase in _____ and a decrease in _____.
Increase in goblet cells (mucus increases) and a decrease in ciliated columnar cells (congestion increases)
129
If a lot of coughing occurs as a result of irritation or metaplasia, which epithelial type replaces respiratory epithelium?
Stratified squamous
130
Respiratory distress of newborns is also called:
Hyaline membrane disease
131
What causes RDS or hyaline membrane disease?
Too few mature Type II alveolar cells
132
What causes emphysema?
Inflammation from infection, smoking or irritants
133
Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a protein that protects:
Elastic fibers
134
Alpha-1 AT is produced by _____ and is inactivated by _____.
Hepatocytes; free radicals in cigarette smoke
135
Emphysema results in _____ elastin, which then results in _____ alveolar elasticity.
Decreased elastin; decreased alveolar elasticity
136
Is emphysema reversible?
Negative, ghostrider...
