Which nervous system most specifically slows the heart rate?
pg 62
Parasympathetic nervous system
What affects the stroke volume of the heart?
pg 62
Preload
Afterload
Cardiac contractility
Ventricular wall stretching
The heart maintains an efficient pumping function through a rate range of ___ to ___ bpm.
pg 62
50-180 beats per minute
The normal cardiac output is about
pg 62
5 Liters
The blood vessel layer that determines the artery’s maximum diameter is the
pg 62
tunica adventitia.
Approximately what volume of blood is contained within the venous system?
pg 63
64 percent
Venous constriction is able to return about what volume of blood to the active circulation?
pg 63
1,000 mL
The percentage of the blood that consists of red blood cells is referred to as
pg 63
plasma.
The blood cells responsible for clotting and blood vessel repair are the
pg 63
platelets.
What types of hemorrhage is characterized by bright red blood?
pg 64
Capillary bleeding & Arterial bleeding
What type of hemorrhage is characterized by dark red blood?
pg 64
Venous bleeding
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the clotting process?
A. Intrinsic phase
B. Vascular phase
C. Platelet phase
D. Coagulation phase
E. All of the above
pg 64
A. Intrinsic phase
Which is the phase of clotting where blood cells are trapped in fibrin
strands?
pg 64
Coagulation phase
The clotting process normally takes about what length of time
Pg 64
7 to 10 minutes
T/F - Cleanly and transversely cut blood vessels tend to bleed very heavily.
pg 64
False
What factors are likely to adversely affect the clotting process?
pg 65
Aggressive fluid resuscitation
Drugs such as aspirin
Hypothermia
Movement at the site of injury
T/ F- Bleeding from capillary or venous wounds is easy to halt because the pressure driving the
hemorrhage is limited.
pg 66
True
Fractures of the femur can account for a blood loss up to
pg 67
1,500 ml
Intravascular fluid accounts for what percentage of the total body water?
pg 69
7 percent
In which class of hemorrhage does the patient first display thirst?
pg 69
Class II
In which class of hemorrhage does the patient first display air hunger?
pg 69
Class III
What populations react differently to blood loss than the normal, healthy adult?
Pg 69
Pregnant women
Children
Athletes
The elderly
The late-pregnancy female is likely to have a blood volume
pg 69
much greater than normal.
(increases by nearly 50%)
Obese patients are likely to have a blood volume
pg 70
much less than normal.
Elderly patients are more adversely affected by blood loss due to
pg 70
reduced pain perception.
chronic cardiovascular inefficiency.
lower fluid reserves.
medications.
The aerobic component of the cell’s utilization of glucose to obtain energy is called
pg 70
the Kreb’s cycle.
What are characteristics of interstitial fluid?
pg 71
It is rich in carbon dioxide.
It has a lowered pH.
It is separated from the blood by capillary walls.
It has the lowest oxygen concentration in the body.
T/ F - Blood fills the vascular space EXCEPT in shock states.
pg 71
False
What are physiological results of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation?
pg 71
Decreased heart rate
Decreased peripheral vascular resistance
Decreased blood pressure
Decreased respiratory rate
Which of the following is a catecholamine?
pg 73
Epinephrine
Which hormone induces an increase in peripheral vascular
resistance and causes the kidneys to retain water?
pg 73
Antidiuretic hormone
Erythropoietin accelerates the production of
pg 75
red blood cells.
The column of coagulated erythrocytes caused by capillary stagnation is called
pg 75
rouleaux.
Which list places the stages of shock in the correct order of their occurrence?
pg 75
Compensated, decompensated, irreversible
Which stage of shock ends with a precipitous drop in blood pressure?
pg 75
Compensated
Which of the following does NOT occur during the compensated stage of shock?
A. Increasing pulse rate
B. Decreasing pulse strength
C. Decreasing systolic blood pressure
D. Skin becomes cool and clammy
E. The patient experiences thirst and weakness
pg 75
C. Decreasing systolic blood pressure
T/F - Once the patient becomes profoundly unconscious and loses his vital signs, he moves into
irreversible shock.
pg 76
False
All of the following can cause hypovolemic shock, EXCEPT
A. bums.
B. ascites.
C. pancreatitis.
D. gastritis.
E. cardiac dysrhythmias.
pg 77
cardiac dysrhythmias.
Under which of the shock type would anaphylactic shock fall?
pg 78
Distributive shock
Under which shock type would spinal injury fall?
pg 79
Neurogenic
T/F - The sooner the signs and symptoms of shock appear in your patient, the greater the
hemorrhage rate and the likelihood that the patient will move into the later stages of shock.
pg 78
True
Which of the following suggests shock?
A. A pulse rate above 100 in the adult
B. A pulse rate above 140 in the school-age child
C. A pulse rate above 160 in the preschooler
D. A pulse rate above 180 in the infant
E. All of the above
Pg 79
E. All of the above
When using a pulse oximeter, you should use oxygen and ventilation to keep the reading
above which oxygen saturation value?
pg 80
95%
T/F - In the normotensive patient, the jugular veins should be full when the patient is in the supine position.
pg 80
True
During assessment you note that the patient’s lower extremities and lower abdomen are warm
and pink while the upper extremities, thorax, and upper abdomen are cool and clammy. This
presentation is consistent with which type of shock?
pg 81
Neurogenic
Fractures of the pelvis can account for a blood loss in excess of
pg 81
of 2,000 mL.
A black, tarry stool is called
pg 81
melena.
A positive tilt test demonstrating orthostatic hypotension is positive when
pg 81
the blood pressure falls by at least 20 mmHg.
the pulse rate rises by at least 20 beats per minute.
For the patient in compensated shock, you should perform a reassessment
pg 81
every 5 minutes.
after every major intervention.
after noting any change in signs or symptoms.
List techniques used to help control hemorrhage?
pg 82
Direct pressure
Limb splinting
Elevation
Pressure points
When applying a tourniquet, you should inflate the blood pressure cuff
pg 83
20 to 30 mmHg above the systolic blood pressure.
Which of the following may be an indication to employ overdrive respiration?
Severe rib fractures
Head injury
Flail chest
Diaphragmatic respirations
All of the above
pg 84
All of the above
Which of these fluid replacement choices would be most desirable for the patient who is losing
blood through internal bleeding?
pg 85
Whole Blood
Most of the solutions used in prehospital care for infusion are
pg 85
hypertonic colloids.
Which of the following characteristics of a catheter will ensure that fluids run rapidly through it?
pg 85
Short length, large lumen
In the patient who has internal bleeding and hypovolemia, the objective of fluid resuscitation
is to maintain a systolic blood pressure
pg 86
of 80 mmHg
What affects the cardiac output of the heart?
pg 62
Preload
Heart rate
Afterload
Cardiac contractility
Approximately what volume of the body’s blood is contained within the capillaries?
pg 62
7 percent
The red blood cells account for what percentage of the total blood volume?
pg 63
45 percent
Which of the following types of hemorrhage is characterized by slow-oozing bright red blood?
pg 64
Capillary bleeding
Which of the following is the phase of clotting in which smooth muscle contracts
pg 64
Vascular phase
T/F - Blood vessels that are lacerated longitudinally generally do not bleed very severely or for very
long.
pg 64
False
What factors are likely to adversely affect the clotting process
pg 65
Aggressive fluid resuscitation
Hypothermia
Movement at the site of injury
Drugs such as aspirin
Fractures of the tibia or humerus can account for a blood loss of
pg 67
500 to 750 mL.
In which stage of hemorrhage does the patient first display ineffective respiration?
pg 69
Class IV
What are factors of sympathetic nervous system stimulation?
pg 71
Increased heart rate
Skeletal muscle vasodilation
Increased peripheral vascular resistance
Increased cardiac contractility
Which of the following is a catecholamine?
A. Glucagon
B. Insulin
C. Norepinephrine
D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
E. Erythropoietin
pg 73
Norepinephrine
Which of the following is a potent system vasoconstrictor?
pg 74
Angiotensin II
The opening of postcapillary sphincters and the resulting release of potassium, acids, and hypoxic
blood is called
pg 75
washout.
During which stage of shock is it difficult to determine if the patient is suffering from the effects
of hypovolemia?
pg 75
Compensated
Which of the following does NOT first occur during the decompensated stage of shock?
A. Pulses become unpalpable.
B. Respirations slow or cease.
C. Blood pressure decreases precipitously.
D. The skin becomes cool and clammy.
E. The patient becomes unconscious.
pg 76
D. The skin becomes cool and clammy.
Under which shock type would septic shock fall?
pg 77
Distributive Shock
Under what shock type would pericardial tamponade fall?
pg 77
Cardiogenic
T/F - The color, temperature, and general appearance of the skin can indicate shock before there are
changes in the blood pressure.
pg 79
True
A fast and weak pulse may be the first indication of developing shock in the trauma patient.
pg 79
True
Large hematomas can account for a blood loss of
pg 80
up to 500 ml.
Frank blood in the stool is called
pg 81
hematochezia.
Which of the following will permit the least fluid flow through a catheter?
pg 85
Long length, small lumen
The preferred solution for the patient who is losing blood is
pg 85
whole blood.
