Chapter 4 The Physiology of Obesity

Question 1

1 What is a group of organs that work together as a biological system to perform one or more functions?
Endocrine system
Organ system
Organ network
Organ

Answer 1

Organ system

Question 2

2 What is a group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function?
Organ
Adipose tissue
Organ system
Endocrine system

Answer 2

Organ

Question 3

3 The fat located deeper in the body and is often located around organs is referred to specifically as what?
Adipose tissue
Integumentary fat
Subcutaneous fat
Visceral fat

Answer 3

Visceral fat

Question 4

4 What type of fat cell has the highest storage capacity for fatty acids and is the least metabolically active?
Brown fat cell
Beige fat cell
White fat cell
Structural fat cells

Answer 4

White fat cell

Question 5

5 What system is involved in helping the body regulate its levels of fat mass?
Nervous System
Adrenal System
Leptin System
Immune System

Answer 5

Leptin System

Question 6

6 The cells that store fatty acids are known as what type of cell?
Myocyte
Neuron
Podocyte
Adipocyte

Answer 6

Adipocyte

Question 7

7 What organ is responsible for the secretion of insulin?
Pancreas
Brain
Liver
Heart

Answer 7

Pancreas

Question 8

8 What type of fat is associated with insulin resistance?
Peripheral fat
Pericardial fat
Subcutaneous fat
Visceral fat

Answer 8

Visceral fat

Question 9

9 What happens to inflammation as body fat increases?
Unknown
Stays the same
Decreases
Increases

Answer 9

Increases

Question 10

10 The collection of organs and tissues consisting of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves is referred to as what?
Limbic System
Cardiovascular System
Nervous System
Integumentary System

Answer 10

Integumentary System

Question 11

11 As obesity increases, what happens to the liver with regard to hepatic glucose output?
Increases
No change
Decreases
Stores more glycogen

Answer 11

Increases

Question 12

12 Insulin functions to have what effect on the liver?
Increase hepatic glucose output
Decrease hepatic glucose output
Causes it to oxidize protein
Insulin does not affect the liver.

Answer 12

Decrease hepatic glucose output

Question 13

13 When does blood glucose rise in relation to insulin resistance?
There is not enough data.
Before
Simultaneously
After

Answer 13

After

Question 14

14 What is an adipokine?
It is a molecule produced by the brain.
It is a signaling molecule produced by adipose tissue.
It is a type of fat tissue.
It is a hormone.

Answer 14

It is a signaling molecule produced by adipose tissue.

Question 15

15 Cortisol is produced by which gland?
Adrenal gland
Thyroid gland
Cortisol gland
Pituitary gland

Answer 15

Adrenal gland

Question 16

16 How is uptake of cortisol into tissue affected by obesity?
Uptake is increased.
Uptake is the same.
There is no uptake in obesity.
Uptake is decreased.

Answer 16

Uptake is increased.

Question 17

17 What happens to muscle protein synthesis among people with obesity?
It is more efficient.
It is higher.
It results in more muscle mass.
It is impaired.

Answer 17

It is impaired.

Question 18

18 What happens to blood flow in certain parts of the brain among people with obesity?
There is less blood pressure.
It is reduced.
It is increased.
It is faster.

Answer 18

It is reduced.

Question 19

19 What happens to fat metabolism in the heart among people with obesity?
Fatty acid metabolism is increased.
Fat metabolism does not change.
Fatty acid metabolism is decreased.
Fat storage increases in the heart.

Answer 19

Fatty acid metabolism is increased.

Question 20

20 What structural change happens to the left ventricle in obesity?
It gets larger.
The walls get thinner.
It gets smaller.
It becomes more efficient.

Answer 20

It gets larger.

Question 21

21 What drives the increased risk of esophageal cancer in obesity?
Increased food consumption
Increased stomach acid content
Lower stomach acid content
Lower protein intake

Answer 21

Increased stomach acid content

Question 22

22 What is the prevalence of asthma among people with obesity?
15.6%
11.1%
25.7%
5.2%

Answer 22

11.1%

Question 23

23 Dysregulation of which macronutrient is a primary feature of obesity?
Protein
Fatty Acids
Carbohydrates
Fiber

Answer 23

Fatty Acids

Question 24

24 Increased fat storage in the liver that arises from obesity results in what?
Hepatitis C
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Hepatitis A
Liver cancer

Answer 24

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 25

25 For a given amount of food, the reward system is what in people with obesity? Not affected Heightened Blunted Broken

Answer 25

Blunted

Question 26

26 What mechanism drives the blunting of the reward system among people with obesity? Reduced dopamine response Downregulation of dopamine receptors More stress hormones Lower serotonin

Answer 26

Downregulation of dopamine receptors

Question 27

27 What affect does obesity have on sleep duration? It increases sleep but lowers quality. It shortens sleep. It decreases sleep but increases quality. It increases sleep.

Answer 27

It shortens sleep.

Question 28

28 Among men with severe obesity, what percent of them experience sleep apnea? 94% 48% 60% 12%

Answer 28

94%

Question 29

29 Reduced sleep time is associated with what phenotype? Higher body fat and higher lean mass Higher body fat and lower lean mass Lower body fat and lower lean mass Lower body fat and higher lean mass

Answer 29

Higher body fat and lower lean mass

Question 30

30 What type of genetic relationship is apparent in common obesity? Caused by a single gene Polygenic Strong Monogenic

Answer 30

Polygenic

Question 31

31 Carrying the risky allele for the FTO gene can increase the risk of obesity by what percent? 15 to 40% 20 to 50% 2 to 5% 70 to 90%

Answer 31

15 to 40%

Question 32

32 What percent of obesity can be explained by heredity? 70% 30% 95% 10%

Answer 32

70%

Question 33

33 At a given workload, people with obesity show a higher rate of what type of metabolism? Oxidative Metabolism Anaerobic Fatty Acid Metabolism Aerobic Metabolism

Answer 33

Anaerobic

Question 34

34 What percent of people with obesity show a normal metabolic profile? > 40% < 10% 30% 20%

Answer 34

< 10%

Question 35

35 At 12 years post bariatric surgery, people who underwent surgery showed a mean sustained weight loss of how many kilograms? 15 kg 35 kg 5 kg 60 kg

Answer 35

35 kg