Chapter 6 Metabolism

Question 1

1 Which item represents a greater-than-expected decrease in energy expenditure due to weight loss?
Energy deficit
Energy balance
Weight cycling
Adaptive thermogenesis

Answer 1

Adaptive thermogenesis

Question 2

2 Which item represents the processes of your body and cells maintaining their living functions?
Energy balance
Metabolism
Energy flux
Thermic effect of feeding

Answer 2

Metabolism

Question 3

3 For body fat and body weight to increase, which of the following must be true?
Energy going into the body from food must exceed energy leaving the body.
Body fat and body weight can increase regardless of energy intake from food.
Energy going into the body from food is equal to energy leaving the body.
Energy going into the body from food must be less than energy leaving the body.

Answer 3

Energy going into the body from food must exceed energy leaving the body.

Question 4

4 Obesity is the result of which of the following?
Chronic energy deficit
Chronic energy balance
Chronic energy surplus
Acute energy surplus

Answer 4

Chronic energy surplus

Question 5

5 A person consumes 3,500 kcal of food and expends 3,500 kcal. What will happen to body weight?
It will increase.
It will fluctuate between periods of increasing and decreasing.
It will remain stable.
It will decrease.

Answer 5

It will remain stable.

Question 6

6 Which of the following represents the “in” portion of energy balance?
Physical activity
Heat
The sun
Food

Answer 6

Food

Question 7

7 What are the three components of TDEE?
Resting Metabolic Rate, Physical Activity Level, and Thermic Effect of Physical Activity
Resting Metabolic Rate, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Thermic Effect of Physical Activity
Thermic Effect of Feeding, Thermic Effect of Physical Activity, and NEAT
Resting Metabolic Rate, Thermic Effect of Feeding, and Thermic Effect of Physical Activity

Answer 7

Resting Metabolic Rate, Thermic Effect of Feeding, and Thermic Effect of Physical Activity

Question 8

8 Approximately what percentage of TDEE does RMR make up?
0.1
1
50 to 75%
25 to 50%

Answer 8

50 to 75%

Question 9

9 Which body component is the biggest driver of RMR?
Bone
Fat
Muscle
Internal organs

Answer 9

Internal organs

Question 10

10 Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between RMR and body weight change?
A person with a low RMR relative to body size is not more likely to gain weight than someone with a high RMR relative to body size.
A person with a low RMR relative to body size is more likely to gain weight than someone with a high RMR relative to body size.
A person with a high RMR relative to body size is more likely to lose weight than a person with a low RMR relative to body size.
A person with a high RMR relative to body size is more likely to gain weight than a person with a low RMR relative to body size.

Answer 10

A person with a low RMR relative to body size is not more likely to gain weight than someone with a high RMR relative to body size.

Question 11

11 Shelly has stopped losing weight. She thinks it is because she dropped her calorie intake too low and that her body is in “starvation mode.” Which of the following is most likely to be true?
Shelly’s TEF has decreased to such a low level that it has stopped her weight loss.
Shelly is underreporting food intake and/or has dramatically decreased her physical activity levels.
Both RMR and TEF have decreased to such a low level that it has stopped her weight loss.
Shelly’s RMR has decreased to such a low level that it has stopped her weight loss.

Answer 11

Shelly is underreporting food intake and/or has dramatically decreased her physical activity levels.

Question 12

12 TEF comprises what percentage of TDEE?
25 to 50%
8 to 10%
50 to 75%
< 5%

Answer 12

8 to 10%

Question 13

13 Which of the following are components of TEPA?
Exercise and NEAT
NEAT and RMR
NEAT and TEF
Exercise and TEF

Answer 13

Exercise and NEAT

Question 14

14 What percentage of TDEE does TEPA make up?
50 to 75% depending on activity levels
< 25%
8 to 10% depending on activity levels
15 to 50% depending on activity levels

Answer 14

15 to 50% depending on activity levels

Question 15

What is NEAT?
The energy expended to maintain life functions
The energy expended from exercise
The energy expended from all physical activity other than planned exercise
The energy expended from all physical activity

Answer 15

The energy expended from all physical activity other than planned exercise

Question 16

16 Which of the following happens to NEAT with weight loss?
It increases more than expected based on the weight loss alone.
It decreases more than expected based on the weight loss alone.
It does not change with weight loss.
It decreases proportional to weight loss.

Answer 16

It decreases more than expected based on the weight loss alone.

Question 17

17 Which of the following is true regarding RMR in individuals with and without obesity?
When corrected for FFM, there is no difference in RMR between individuals with obesity and individuals without.
When corrected for FFM, individuals with obesity have a lower RMR than individuals without.
When corrected for fat mass, there is no difference in RMR between individuals with obesity and individuals without.
When corrected for FFM, individuals with obesity have a higher RMR than individuals without.

Answer 17

When corrected for FFM, there is no difference in RMR between individuals with obesity and individuals without.

Question 18

18 What is the impact of obesity on TEF?
It increases TEF.
It may not impact TEF, or if it does, the impact is very small.
It decreases TEF.
The impact is unknown.

Answer 18

It may not impact TEF, or if it does, the impact is very small.

Question 19

19 Which of the following is true regarding TDEE with increasing body weight?
Relative TDEE and TEPA remain constant with increasing body weight.
Relative TDEE increases but relative TEPA declines with increasing body weight.
Relative TDEE and TEPA decline with increasing body weight.
Relative TDEE and TEPA increase with increasing body weight.

Answer 19

Relative TDEE and TEPA decline with increasing body weight.

Question 20

20 What role do genes play in the obesity epidemic?
Genetics have been a main contributor to the obesity epidemic independent of the environment.
There are 30 genetic syndromes that have contributed to the obesity epidemic.
A combination of genes can determine a person’s susceptibility to becoming obese in the modern-day food environment.
The human genome has changed during the obesity epidemic in favor of increased obesity.

Answer 20

A combination of genes can determine a person’s susceptibility to becoming obese in the modern-day food environment.

Question 21

21 Which of the following describes set point theory?
The body has an internal control mechanism that regulates metabolism to maintain weight at a predetermined level.
The body has an external control mechanism that regulates metabolism to maintain weight at a predetermined level.
Wide availability of energy dense, highly palatable, highly rewarding, and processed food
The body will better maintain weight when energy expenditure and energy intake are both high.

Answer 21

The body has an internal control mechanism that regulates metabolism to maintain weight at a predetermined level.

Question 22

22 What does set point theory predict will happen when a person loses weight?
Increase in appetite and increase in TDEE
Decrease in appetite and increase in TDEE
Decrease in appetite and decrease in TDEE
Increase in appetite and decrease in TDEE

Answer 22

Increase in appetite and decrease in TDEE

Question 23

23 What is the asymmetric model of set point theory?
The body’s signals to resist an energy surplus are stronger than to resist an energy deficit.
The body’s signals to change body weight in either direction are stronger than to maintain body weight.
The body’s signals to resist an energy deficit are stronger than to resist an energy surplus.
The body’s signals to resist an energy surplus are similar to the body’s signals to resist an energy deficit.

Answer 23

The body’s signals to resist an energy deficit are stronger than to resist an energy surplus.

Question 24

24 Which of the following is a major limitation of the set point model?
The body’s signals to resist an energy deficit are stronger than to resist an energy surplus.
NEAT often decreases in response to a calorie deficit.
Appetite often increases in response to a calorie deficit.
Biological control of body weight can be overridden by the food environment.

Answer 24

Biological control of body weight can be overridden by the food environmen

Question 25

25 John has been losing weight but he is feeling extremely hungry. Which of the following steps might John take to help mitigate some of his hunger? Decrease intake of ultra-processed foods. Decrease protein intake. Increase intake of high-energy density foods. Increase intake of ultra-processed foods.

Answer 25

Decrease intake of ultra-processed foods.

Question 26

26 Sherri has been losing weight. Which of the following might she do to mitigate some of the changes in TEPA that can occur with weight loss? Increase protein intake Increase daily step counts Decrease exercise volume Increase fiber intake

Answer 26

Increase daily step counts

Question 27

27 What is energy flux? Rate of energy movement out of the body Rate of energy movement in and out of the body Total Daily Energy Expenditure Rate of energy movement in the body

Answer 27

Rate of energy movement in and out of the body

Question 28

28 Why is energy flux not a good explanation for the obesity epidemic? Calorie intake has remained steady during the obesity epidemic. Calorie intake has decreased during the obesity epidemic. Energy expenditure has decreased during the obesity epidemic. Energy expenditure has not decreased during the obesity epidemic.

Answer 28

Energy expenditure has not decreased during the obesity epidemic.

Question 29

29 Why is the energy flux model useful for long-term weight maintenance? People are more successful at maintaining long-term weight loss when energy flux is moderate. People are more successful at maintaining long-term weight loss when energy flux is low. People are more successful at maintaining long-term weight loss when reported calorie intakes are low. People are more successful at maintaining long-term weight loss when physical activity levels are high.

Answer 29

People are more successful at maintaining long-term weight loss when physical activity levels are high.

Question 30

30 How does the response compare between an energy deficit created by diet versus exercise? There's a strong increase in appetite with diet but not with exercise. There's a strong increase in appetite in both conditions. There's a decrease in appetite with exercise but an increase with diet. There's a strong increase in appetite with exercise but not diet.

Answer 30

There's a strong increase in appetite with diet but not with exercise.

Question 31

31 What is TEF? The energy expended to do muscular work The energy expended through all physical activity other than formal, planned exercise The energy required to maintain vital life functions at rest The energy expended to digest food

Answer 31

The energy expended to digest food

Question 32

32 What is RMR? The energy expended to digest food The energy required to maintain vital life functions at rest The energy expended to do muscular work The energy expended through all physical activity other than formal, planned exercise

Answer 32

The energy required to maintain vital life functions at rest

Question 33

33 Which equation would represent TDEE? TDEE = RMR + TEF + TEPA TDEE = RMR + TEF TDEE = TEPA + TEF TDEE = RMR + TEPA

Answer 33

TDEE = RMR + TEF + TEPA

Question 34

34 Which of the following represents the largest portion of energy expenditure in most people? NEAT RMR TEF TEPA

Answer 34

RMR

Question 35

35 Which of the following represents the portion of energy expenditure over which people have the most control? TEF TEPA RMR RMR and TEF combined

Answer 35

TEPA