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BIO 1710 > Chapter 40: Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 40: Animal Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy

A

The study of the biological form of an organism

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2
Q

What is physiology

A

the study of the biological functions an organism performs.

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3
Q

Is form and function of the animals correlated with each other

A

Yes

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4
Q

What change the pattern of development program in animal (evolution, adaptation)

A

The Genome

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5
Q

What do physical laws constrain

A

Strength, diffusion, movement, heat exchange

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6
Q

What is the noticeable appearance of sea animals who are fast swimmer

A

Their apperance is limited and has a fusiform, tapered on both ends

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7
Q

What is increasing size in animals proportional to

A

Their skeleton, muscle to support their mass

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8
Q

Evolutionary convergence reflects what?

A

Different species’ adaptations to a smiliar environmental challenge

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9
Q

Example of convergence evolution

A

Shark(fish) and dolphin(mammal), although they aren’t the same species, they both have streamline shape to live underwater

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10
Q

What kind of size and shape can benefit most from exchanging with the OUTER environment

A

Flat shape like tape worm, sacklike body plan

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11
Q

What exchange in complex body helps get rid of wastes and obtain nutrients

A

Exchange between interstitial fluid and circulatory fluid

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12
Q

What’s the difference between adaptation and acclimatization

A
  • Adaptation refers to a trait that evolve as a result of natural selection, a process of change
  • Acclimatization doesn’t evolve genetic change, a temporary change
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13
Q

Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell’s surface area

A

Diffusion

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14
Q

Amount of exchange material is proportional to a cell’s volume

A

Metabolism

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15
Q

What is law of diffusion

A

dictates the rate at which material diffuse into and out of the tissue

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16
Q

What is law of diffusion calculates

A
  • Surface area
  • Concentration difference
  • Distance
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17
Q

List hierarchical organization of body plans from smallest to largest

A

Cell - Tissues - Organ - Organ system

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18
Q

Pancreas belong to 2 organ systems

A

Endocrine and digestive

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19
Q

Four main types of tissues

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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20
Q

What’s epithelial tissue form

A

Covers the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the body

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21
Q

What is epithelial tissue function

A
  • Protect from the environemnt

- Exchange movement of materials in and out of the body

22
Q

3 shapes of epithelial cells

A
  • cuboidal (dice) (kidney glands salivary glands, secretion)
  • columnar (bricks on end)
  • Squamous(floor tiles)
23
Q

3 arrangements of epithelial cells

A
  • Simple (single-cell layer)
  • Stratified (multiple tiers of cells)
  • Pseydostratified (single layers with different length)
24
Q

Is epithelia polarized

A
  • Yes as they have two different sides. Apical surface faces the lumen (cavity), basal surface is the opposite side
25
Q

What is connective tissue made of

A

Cells that are surrounded by ECM (fibers in a liquid, jellylike or solid foundation)

26
Q

o=Connective tissues function

A
  • Binds and support other tissues
27
Q

3 types of connective tissue fibers

A
  • collagenous fibers (prodive strength and flexibility)
  • Reticular fibers
  • elastic fibers (make tissues elastic)
28
Q

Types of connective tissue

A
  • Loose
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Blood
  • fibrous (tendon, ligament)
  • adipose
29
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Composed of thin cells capable of contraction

30
Q

Muscle tissue functions

A
  • Responsible for body movement
31
Q

3 types of muscle tissue in vertebrate body

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
32
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • Long striped shape
  • under voluntary control
  • Building muscles increases its size, NOT muscle FIBERs.
33
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle

A
  • spindle-shaped
  • found in walls of digestive tract, bladder
  • Under involuntary control
34
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • has branched fibers to connect and send signals from cell to cell.
  • gap junctions, small multiple nucleated cells
  • spontaneously active
35
Q

What is the basic units of nervous system

A
  • Neurons
36
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A
  • receive, process and transmist info to the body
37
Q

Nervous tissue contain

A
  • neurons (transmit nerve impulses)

- glial cells or glia (nourish, insulate, replenish neurons)

38
Q

Structure of neuron

A
  • Cell body,
  • axon
  • dendrites
39
Q

What are 2 main major systmes for coordinating and controlling responses

A
  • Endocrine system

- Nervous system

40
Q

What is a regulator animal

A
  • A regulator animals are animals that can remain and control their own internal body temp without being affected by the external environment
41
Q

What is a conformer animal

A
  • A conformer is animal that internal condition change base on the external changes.
42
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Steady state of internal maintenance when the external envi changes significantly.

43
Q

What are some homeostasis examples in human

A
  • Temp (37C, 98.6F)
  • Blood pH
  • Blood glucose
44
Q

What kind of feedback does homeostasis has

A
  • Negative feedback to help return everything too high or too low to a set point
45
Q

Thermoregulation

A
  • the process animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range.
46
Q

Endothermic

A
  • Gain heat by metabolism inside the body (mammals, birds)
47
Q

Ectothermic

A
  • Gain heat from external sources (Reptiles, fishes, amphibians, invertebrates)
48
Q

Ectotherm, endotherm vs poikilotherm, homeotherm

A
  • Ectotherm, endotherm are like the way they remain their heat and exchange with the environment
  • Poikilotherm, homeotherm are body temp (one varied with the environment, one doesn’t)
49
Q

Four physical process to exchange heat in organisms

A
  • Radiation
  • Conduction
  • Evaporation
  • Convection
50
Q

What’s the purpose of thermoregulation

A
  • Maintain a rate of heat gain that equals to the rate of heat loss
51
Q

Heat regulation in mammals often involves what system

A
  • Integumentary sysytem: skin, hair and nails
52
Q

5 adaptations help animals thermoregulate

A
  • Insulation
  • Circulatory
  • Cooling by evaporative heat loss
  • Behavior responses
  • Adjusting metabolic heat production (moving or shivering)

BIO 1710 (5 decks)

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