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Biol 102 lab and lec > Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Ovulation can best be described as

A

the release of mature eggs

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2
Q

Compare and contrast the outcomes of asexual and sexual
reproduction

A

The offspring of sexual reproduction are more genetically diverse. How-
ever, asexual reproduction can produce more offspring over multiple gen-
erations.

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3
Q

Parthenogenesis is the most common form of asexual reproduc-
tion in animals that at other times reproduce sexually. What
characteristic of parthenogenesis might explain this observation?

A

. Unlike other forms of asexual reproduction, parthenogenesis
involves gamete production. By controlling whether or not haploid eggs are fer-
tilized, species such as honeybees can readily switch between asexual and sexual
reproduction.

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4
Q

Compare external fertilization to internal fertilization

A

external: female releases eggs into the environment, male fertilizes
internal: sperm deposited in or near the female reproductive tract fertilize eggs within the tract

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5
Q

Among some species with external fertilization, individu-
als clustered in the same area release their gametes into the
water at the same time, a process known as ____

A

spawning

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6
Q

Gonads are organs that

A

produce gametes

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7
Q

Testes produce sperm in ____ ____.

A

semiferous tubules

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8
Q

From the semiferous tubules of a testis, the sperm pass into the

A

epididymis

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9
Q

During ejaculation, sperm are propelled from each epididymis through the____

A

vas deferens

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10
Q

Each vas deferens (one from each epididymis) extends around
and behind the____, where it joins a duct from
the seminal vesicle, forming a short ______

A

Each vas deferens (one from each epididymis) extends around
and behind the urinary bladder, where it joins a duct from
the seminal vesicle, forming a short ejaculatory duct

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11
Q

The ejaculatory ducts open into the ___

A

urethra

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12
Q

Three sets of accessory glands—_____, ______, and the _____—produce secretions
that combine with sperm to form semen

A

Three sets of accessory glands—the seminal vesicles, the pros-
tate gland, and the bulbourethral glands—produce secretions
that combine with sperm to form semen

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13
Q

The bulbourethral glands are

A

a pair of small glands along the urethra which secrete a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes any acidic urine remaining in the urethra

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14
Q

During sexual arousal, the erectile
tissue ….

A

During sexual arousal, the erectile
tissue fills with blood from the arteries

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15
Q

The outer layer of each ovary is packed with ____, each consisting of an oocyte which is a…

A

follicles
oocyte, partially developed egg

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16
Q

upon ovulation, an oviduct, or fallopian tube,

A

cilia on the epithelial lining of the oviduct begin beat-
ing. This motion draws fluid from the body cavity into the
oviduct, bringing along the egg

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17
Q

TorF: the mammary glands are present in both males and females

A

true

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18
Q

Within the mammary glands, small sacs of ____ tissue secrete milk

A

epithelial

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19
Q

How does gametogenesis differ between males and females in terms of length of cycle?

A

spermatogenesis is continuous, oogenesis is prolonged

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20
Q

How does gametogenesis differ between males and females in terms of the products of meiosis?

A

sperm: four products of meiosis develop into mature gametes
in oogenes, cytokinesis durign meiosis is unequal, creating a single daughter cell

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21
Q

How does gametogenesis differ between males and females in terms of length of production?

A

spermatogenesis is continuous, in females oogenesis mitotic divisions complete before birth and the production of mature gametes ceases at about age 50

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22
Q

Describe the process of oogenesis

A

Begins in the female embryo with the production of
oogonia from primordial germ cells. Oogonia divide by mitosis
to form cells that begin meiosis, but stop the process at prophase I
before birth.
These developmentally arrested cells, which are
oocytes, each reside within a small follicle.
At birth, the ovaries together contain about
1–2 million primary oocytes, of which about 500 fully mature
between puberty and menopause.

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23
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis

A

Stem cells that give rise to sperm are situated near the outer edge
of the seminiferous tubules. Their progeny move inward as they
pass through the spermatocyte and spermatid stages, and sperm
are released into the lumen (fluid-filled cavity) of the tubule. The
sperm travel along the tubule into the epididymis, where they
become motile
The stem cells arise from division and differentiation of primor-
dial germ cells. In mature testes, the stem cells divide mitotically to form
spermatogonia, which in turn generate spermatocytes by mitosis.
Each spermatocyte gives rise to four spermatids through meiosis,
reducing the chromosome number from diploid (2n = 46 in humans)
to haploid (n = 23). Spermatids undergo extensive changes as they
differentiate into sperm

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24
Q

What occurs when FSH is activated?

A

stimulates follicles to resume growth ( a small number)
Secondary oocyte released at ovulation

25
Q

The ruptured follicle left behind after ovulation develops into the ____, which secretes ____ and ____ (hormones),
a hormone that helps maintain the uterine lining
during pregnancy. If the egg is not fertilized, the
______degenerates, and a new follicle matures during the next cycle

A

The ruptured follicle left behind after ovula-
tion develops into the corpus luteum. The corpus
luteum secretes estradiol as well as progesterone,
a hormone that helps maintain the uterine lining
during pregnancy. If the egg is not fertilized, the
corpus luteum degenerates, and a new follicle ma-
tures during the next cycle

26
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, (GnRH) directs the anterior pituitary to secrete the gonadotropins ____ and _____

A

FSH and LH

27
Q

FSH and LH are both tropic hormones, meaning

A

they regulate the activity ofe ndocrine cells or glands

28
Q

The gonads produce and secrete three major types of ste-
roid sex hormones:

A

The gonads produce and secrete three major types of ste-
roid sex hormones: androgens, principally testosterone;
estrogens, principally estradiol; and progesterone

29
Q

FSH and LH act on two types of cells in the testis. FSh stimulates _____ cells, to nourish developing sperm. LH causes ____ cells to produce androgens

A

sertoli cells
leydig cells

30
Q

inhibin, a hormone that in males
is produced by Sertoli cells, acts on the anterior pituitary
gland to….

A

inhibin, a hormone that in males
is produced by Sertoli cells, acts on the anterior pituitary
gland to reduce FSH secretion

31
Q

The ovarian cycle begins when

A

the hypothalamus releases GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

32
Q

FSH, aided by LH, start to make the hormone ___ during the ovarian cycle

A

estradiol

33
Q

Estradiol concentration slowly
rises during most of the ______, the part
of the ovarian cycle during which follicles grow and oocytes
mature.

A

Estradiol concentration slowly
rises during most of the follicular phase (days 0–14), the part
of the ovarian cycle during which follicles grow and oocytes
mature.

34
Q

A low
concentration of estradiol inhibits secretion of pituitary hor-
mones, keeping the concentration of ____ and _____ relatively
low

A

A low
concentration of estradiol inhibits secretion of pituitary hor-
mones, keeping the concentration of FSH and LH relatively
low

35
Q

When estradiol secretion by the follicle begins to rise
steeply, the levels of FSH and LH increase markedly. Why?

A

Whereas a low level of estradiol inhibits secretion of pituitary
gonadotropins, a high concentration has the opposite effect:
It stimulates gonadotropin secretion by causing the hypo-
thalamus to increase output of GnRH. A high estradiol con-
centration also increases the GnRH sensitivity of LH-releasing
cells in the pituitary, further increasing the LH level

36
Q

In response to FSH and the peak in LH level, the
follicle and adjacent wall of the ovary rupture, releasing the
_____ _____

A

In response to FSH and the peak in LH level, the
follicle and adjacent wall of the ovary rupture, releasing the
secondary oocyte.

37
Q

During the luteal phase, LH…

A

LH stimulates the remaining follicular tissue to
form the corpus luteum, a glandular structure. Stimulated by
LH, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estradiol,
which in combination exert negative feedback on the hypo-
thalamus and pituitary.

38
Q

How is the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle coordinated with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Prior to ovulation, ovarian steroid hormones stimulate the
uterus to prepare for support of an embryo. Estradiol secreted
in increasing amounts by growing follicles signals the endo-
metrium to thicken.

39
Q

After ovulation, the estradiol
and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulate
______ of the uterine lining,
including enlargement of arteries and growth of endometrial
glands.

A

After ovulation, the estradiol
and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulate
maintenance and further development of the uterine lining,
including enlargement of arteries and growth of endometrial
glands.

40
Q

The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle is coordinated with the ____ phase of the uterine cycle

A

secretory

41
Q

Once the corpus luteum has disintegrated, the rapid drop
in ovarian hormone concentration causes arteries in the
endometrium to ____

A

Once the corpus luteum has disintegrated, the rapid drop
in ovarian hormone concentration causes arteries in the
endometrium to constrict

42
Q

The constriction of arteries after corpus luteum disintegrates causes the uterine lining to ____, resulting in ___-

A

disintegrate
menstruation ahhh

43
Q

How are the functions of FSH and LH in females and males
similar?

A

In the testis, FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells, which nourish developing sperm.
LH stimulates the production of androgens (mainly testosterone), which in turn
stimulate sperm production. In both females and males, FSH encourages the
growth of cells that support and nourish developing gametes (follicle cells in
females and Sertoli cells in males), and LH stimulates the production of sex hor-
mones that promote gametogenesis (estrogens, primarily estradiol, in females and
androgens, especially testosterone, in males).

44
Q

If a human female begins taking estradiol and
progesterone immediately after the start of a new men-
strual cycle, how will ovulation be affected?

A

In estrous cycles, which occur
in most female mammals, the endometrium is reabsorbed (rather than shed) if
fertilization does not occur. Estrous cycles often occur just once or a few times
a year, and the female is usually receptive to copulation only during the period
around ovulation. Menstrual cycles are found only in humans and some other
primates. They control the buildup and breakdown of the uterine lining, but not
sexual receptivity.

45
Q

Describe the formation of a human zygote

A
  1. secondary oocyte enters fallopian tube
  2. fertilixation occurs, oocyte completes meiosis, nuclei of oocyte and sperm fuse, produce zygote
  3. cleavage begins in oviduct, embryo moved toward uterus
  4. cleavage continues, becomes a blastocyte (in the uterus atp)
  5. blastocyst implants in endometrium about 7 days after conception
46
Q

The human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) acts like pituitary LH by

A

maintaining secretion of progesterone and estrogens by the
corpus luteum through the first few months of pregnancy

47
Q

The outer layer of the blastocyst, the ____, grows outward and eventually forms the ____ during the first 2-4 weeks of development

A

trophoblast
placenta

48
Q

Once labor begins, local regulators (_____)
and hormones (____ and ____) induce and reg-
ulate further contractions of the uterus

A

Once labor begins, local regulators (prostaglandins)
and hormones (chiefly estradiol and oxytocin) induce and reg-
ulate further contractions of the uterus

49
Q

The three stages of labor are

A

first stage is dilation
second stage is delivery
third stage is placenta

50
Q

Why does testing for hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
work as a pregnancy test early in pregnancy but not late in
pregnancy? What is the function of hCG in pregnancy?

A

The secretion of hCG by the early embryo stimulates the corpus luteum to
make progesterone, which helps maintain the pregnancy. During the second
trimester, however, hCG production drops, the corpus luteum disintegrates, and
the placenta completely takes over progesterone production.

51
Q

Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis?
(A) An individual may change its sex during its lifetime.
(B) Specialized groups of cells grow into new individuals.
(C) An organism is first a male and then a female.
(D) An egg develops without being fertilized.

A

An egg develops without being fertilized.

52
Q

In male mammals, excretory and reproductive systems share
(A) the vas deferens.
(B) the urethra.
(C) the seminal vesicle.
(D) the prostate

A

the urethra.

53
Q

Which of the following is properly paired?
(A) seminiferous tubule—cervix
(B) vas deferens—oviduct
(C) corpus luteum—Sertoli cell
(D) scrotum—clitoris

A

vas deferens—oviduct

54
Q

Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during
(A) the menstrual flow phase of the uterine cycle.
(B) the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.
(C) the period just before ovulation.
(D) the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.

A

the period just before ovulation.

55
Q

During human gestation, rudiments of all organs develop
(A) in the first trimester.
(B) in the second trimester.
(C) in the third trimester.
(D) during the blastocyst stag

A

in the first trimester.

56
Q

Which of the following is a true statement?
(A) All mammals have menstrual cycles.
(B) The endometrial lining is shed in menstrual cycles but
reabsorbed in estrous cycles.
(C) Estrous cycles are more frequent than menstrual cycles.
(D) Ovulation occurs before the endometrium thickens in
estrous cycles

A

The endometrial lining is shed in menstrual cycles but
reabsorbed in estrous cycles.

57
Q

For which of the following is the number the same in human
males and females?
(A) interruptions in meiotic divisions
(B) functional gametes produced by meiosis
(C) meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete
(D) different cell types produced by meiosis

A

meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete

58
Q

Which statement about human reproduction is true?
(A) Fertilization occurs in the vagina.
(B) Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both require normal body
temperature.
(C) An oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it.
(D) The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the
lumen of the seminiferous tubules

A

An oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it.

Biol 102 lab and lec (17 decks)

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