Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biol 102 lab and lec > Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Ovulation can best be described as

A

the release of mature eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Compare and contrast the outcomes of asexual and sexual
reproduction

A

The offspring of sexual reproduction are more genetically diverse. How-
ever, asexual reproduction can produce more offspring over multiple gen-
erations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parthenogenesis is the most common form of asexual reproduc-
tion in animals that at other times reproduce sexually. What
characteristic of parthenogenesis might explain this observation?

A

. Unlike other forms of asexual reproduction, parthenogenesis
involves gamete production. By controlling whether or not haploid eggs are fer-
tilized, species such as honeybees can readily switch between asexual and sexual
reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Compare external fertilization to internal fertilization

A

external: female releases eggs into the environment, male fertilizes
internal: sperm deposited in or near the female reproductive tract fertilize eggs within the tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Among some species with external fertilization, individu-
als clustered in the same area release their gametes into the
water at the same time, a process known as ____

A

spawning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gonads are organs that

A

produce gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Testes produce sperm in ____ ____.

A

semiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

From the semiferous tubules of a testis, the sperm pass into the

A

epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

During ejaculation, sperm are propelled from each epididymis through the____

A

vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Each vas deferens (one from each epididymis) extends around
and behind the____, where it joins a duct from
the seminal vesicle, forming a short ______

A

Each vas deferens (one from each epididymis) extends around
and behind the urinary bladder, where it joins a duct from
the seminal vesicle, forming a short ejaculatory duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The ejaculatory ducts open into the ___

A

urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three sets of accessory glands—_____, ______, and the _____—produce secretions
that combine with sperm to form semen

A

Three sets of accessory glands—the seminal vesicles, the pros-
tate gland, and the bulbourethral glands—produce secretions
that combine with sperm to form semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The bulbourethral glands are

A

a pair of small glands along the urethra which secrete a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes any acidic urine remaining in the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

During sexual arousal, the erectile
tissue ….

A

During sexual arousal, the erectile
tissue fills with blood from the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The outer layer of each ovary is packed with ____, each consisting of an oocyte which is a…

A

follicles
oocyte, partially developed egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

upon ovulation, an oviduct, or fallopian tube,

A

cilia on the epithelial lining of the oviduct begin beat-
ing. This motion draws fluid from the body cavity into the
oviduct, bringing along the egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TorF: the mammary glands are present in both males and females

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Within the mammary glands, small sacs of ____ tissue secrete milk

A

epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does gametogenesis differ between males and females in terms of length of cycle?

A

spermatogenesis is continuous, oogenesis is prolonged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does gametogenesis differ between males and females in terms of the products of meiosis?

A

sperm: four products of meiosis develop into mature gametes
in oogenes, cytokinesis durign meiosis is unequal, creating a single daughter cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does gametogenesis differ between males and females in terms of length of production?

A

spermatogenesis is continuous, in females oogenesis mitotic divisions complete before birth and the production of mature gametes ceases at about age 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the process of oogenesis

A

Begins in the female embryo with the production of
oogonia from primordial germ cells. Oogonia divide by mitosis
to form cells that begin meiosis, but stop the process at prophase I
before birth.
These developmentally arrested cells, which are
oocytes, each reside within a small follicle.
At birth, the ovaries together contain about
1–2 million primary oocytes, of which about 500 fully mature
between puberty and menopause.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis

A

Stem cells that give rise to sperm are situated near the outer edge
of the seminiferous tubules. Their progeny move inward as they
pass through the spermatocyte and spermatid stages, and sperm
are released into the lumen (fluid-filled cavity) of the tubule. The
sperm travel along the tubule into the epididymis, where they
become motile
The stem cells arise from division and differentiation of primor-
dial germ cells. In mature testes, the stem cells divide mitotically to form
spermatogonia, which in turn generate spermatocytes by mitosis.
Each spermatocyte gives rise to four spermatids through meiosis,
reducing the chromosome number from diploid (2n = 46 in humans)
to haploid (n = 23). Spermatids undergo extensive changes as they
differentiate into sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What occurs when FSH is activated?

Study These Flashcards
A

stimulates follicles to resume growth ( a small number)
Secondary oocyte released at ovulation

25
The ruptured follicle left behind after ovulation develops into the ____, which secretes ____ and ____ (hormones), a hormone that helps maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy. If the egg is not fertilized, the ______degenerates, and a new follicle matures during the next cycle
The ruptured follicle left behind after ovula- tion develops into the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes estradiol as well as progesterone, a hormone that helps maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates, and a new follicle ma- tures during the next cycle
26
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, (GnRH) directs the anterior pituitary to secrete the gonadotropins ____ and _____
FSH and LH
27
FSH and LH are both tropic hormones, meaning
they regulate the activity ofe ndocrine cells or glands
28
The gonads produce and secrete three major types of ste- roid sex hormones:
The gonads produce and secrete three major types of ste- roid sex hormones: androgens, principally testosterone; estrogens, principally estradiol; and progesterone
29
FSH and LH act on two types of cells in the testis. FSh stimulates _____ cells, to nourish developing sperm. LH causes ____ cells to produce androgens
sertoli cells leydig cells
30
inhibin, a hormone that in males is produced by Sertoli cells, acts on the anterior pituitary gland to....
inhibin, a hormone that in males is produced by Sertoli cells, acts on the anterior pituitary gland to reduce FSH secretion
31
The ovarian cycle begins when
the hypothalamus releases GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
32
FSH, aided by LH, start to make the hormone ___ during the ovarian cycle
estradiol
33
Estradiol concentration slowly rises during most of the ______, the part of the ovarian cycle during which follicles grow and oocytes mature.
Estradiol concentration slowly rises during most of the follicular phase (days 0–14), the part of the ovarian cycle during which follicles grow and oocytes mature.
34
A low concentration of estradiol inhibits secretion of pituitary hor- mones, keeping the concentration of ____ and _____ relatively low
A low concentration of estradiol inhibits secretion of pituitary hor- mones, keeping the concentration of FSH and LH relatively low
35
When estradiol secretion by the follicle begins to rise steeply, the levels of FSH and LH increase markedly. Why?
Whereas a low level of estradiol inhibits secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, a high concentration has the opposite effect: It stimulates gonadotropin secretion by causing the hypo- thalamus to increase output of GnRH. A high estradiol con- centration also increases the GnRH sensitivity of LH-releasing cells in the pituitary, further increasing the LH level
36
In response to FSH and the peak in LH level, the follicle and adjacent wall of the ovary rupture, releasing the _____ _____
In response to FSH and the peak in LH level, the follicle and adjacent wall of the ovary rupture, releasing the secondary oocyte.
37
During the luteal phase, LH...
LH stimulates the remaining follicular tissue to form the corpus luteum, a glandular structure. Stimulated by LH, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estradiol, which in combination exert negative feedback on the hypo- thalamus and pituitary.
38
How is the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle coordinated with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
Prior to ovulation, ovarian steroid hormones stimulate the uterus to prepare for support of an embryo. Estradiol secreted in increasing amounts by growing follicles signals the endo- metrium to thicken.
39
After ovulation, the estradiol and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulate ______ of the uterine lining, including enlargement of arteries and growth of endometrial glands.
After ovulation, the estradiol and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulate maintenance and further development of the uterine lining, including enlargement of arteries and growth of endometrial glands.
40
The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle is coordinated with the ____ phase of the uterine cycle
secretory
41
Once the corpus luteum has disintegrated, the rapid drop in ovarian hormone concentration causes arteries in the endometrium to ____
Once the corpus luteum has disintegrated, the rapid drop in ovarian hormone concentration causes arteries in the endometrium to constrict
42
The constriction of arteries after corpus luteum disintegrates causes the uterine lining to ____, resulting in ___-
disintegrate menstruation ahhh
43
How are the functions of FSH and LH in females and males similar?
In the testis, FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells, which nourish developing sperm. LH stimulates the production of androgens (mainly testosterone), which in turn stimulate sperm production. In both females and males, FSH encourages the growth of cells that support and nourish developing gametes (follicle cells in females and Sertoli cells in males), and LH stimulates the production of sex hor- mones that promote gametogenesis (estrogens, primarily estradiol, in females and androgens, especially testosterone, in males).
44
If a human female begins taking estradiol and progesterone immediately after the start of a new men- strual cycle, how will ovulation be affected?
In estrous cycles, which occur in most female mammals, the endometrium is reabsorbed (rather than shed) if fertilization does not occur. Estrous cycles often occur just once or a few times a year, and the female is usually receptive to copulation only during the period around ovulation. Menstrual cycles are found only in humans and some other primates. They control the buildup and breakdown of the uterine lining, but not sexual receptivity.
45
Describe the formation of a human zygote
1. secondary oocyte enters fallopian tube 2. fertilixation occurs, oocyte completes meiosis, nuclei of oocyte and sperm fuse, produce zygote 3. cleavage begins in oviduct, embryo moved toward uterus 4. cleavage continues, becomes a blastocyte (in the uterus atp) 5. blastocyst implants in endometrium about 7 days after conception
46
The human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) acts like pituitary LH by
maintaining secretion of progesterone and estrogens by the corpus luteum through the first few months of pregnancy
47
The outer layer of the blastocyst, the ____, grows outward and eventually forms the ____ during the first 2-4 weeks of development
trophoblast placenta
48
Once labor begins, local regulators (_____) and hormones (____ and ____) induce and reg- ulate further contractions of the uterus
Once labor begins, local regulators (prostaglandins) and hormones (chiefly estradiol and oxytocin) induce and reg- ulate further contractions of the uterus
49
The three stages of labor are
first stage is dilation second stage is delivery third stage is placenta
50
Why does testing for hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) work as a pregnancy test early in pregnancy but not late in pregnancy? What is the function of hCG in pregnancy?
The secretion of hCG by the early embryo stimulates the corpus luteum to make progesterone, which helps maintain the pregnancy. During the second trimester, however, hCG production drops, the corpus luteum disintegrates, and the placenta completely takes over progesterone production.
51
Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis? (A) An individual may change its sex during its lifetime. (B) Specialized groups of cells grow into new individuals. (C) An organism is first a male and then a female. (D) An egg develops without being fertilized.
An egg develops without being fertilized.
52
In male mammals, excretory and reproductive systems share (A) the vas deferens. (B) the urethra. (C) the seminal vesicle. (D) the prostate
the urethra.
53
Which of the following is properly paired? (A) seminiferous tubule—cervix (B) vas deferens—oviduct (C) corpus luteum—Sertoli cell (D) scrotum—clitoris
vas deferens—oviduct
54
Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during (A) the menstrual flow phase of the uterine cycle. (B) the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. (C) the period just before ovulation. (D) the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.
the period just before ovulation.
55
During human gestation, rudiments of all organs develop (A) in the first trimester. (B) in the second trimester. (C) in the third trimester. (D) during the blastocyst stag
in the first trimester.
56
Which of the following is a true statement? (A) All mammals have menstrual cycles. (B) The endometrial lining is shed in menstrual cycles but reabsorbed in estrous cycles. (C) Estrous cycles are more frequent than menstrual cycles. (D) Ovulation occurs before the endometrium thickens in estrous cycles
The endometrial lining is shed in menstrual cycles but reabsorbed in estrous cycles.
57
For which of the following is the number the same in human males and females? (A) interruptions in meiotic divisions (B) functional gametes produced by meiosis (C) meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete (D) different cell types produced by meiosis
meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete
58
Which statement about human reproduction is true? (A) Fertilization occurs in the vagina. (B) Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both require normal body temperature. (C) An oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it. (D) The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
An oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it.

Biol 102 lab and lec (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions