Recitation Practice Questions, Unit 3 Flashcards
At puberty, an adolescent female body changes in both structure and function of several organ systems, primarily under the influence of changing concentrations of estrogens and other steroid hormones. How can one hormone, such as estrogen, mediate so many effects?
A.Estrogen is produced in very large concentrations and therefore diffuses widely.
B.Estrogen has specific receptors inside several cell types, but each cell responds in the same way to its binding.
C.Estrogen is kept away from the surface of any cells not able to bind it at the surface.
D.Estrogen binds to specific receptors inside many kinds of cells, each of which have different responses to its binding.
E.Estrogen has different shaped receptors for each of several cell types
D.Estrogen binds to specific receptors inside many kinds of cells, each of which have different responses to its binding.
In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become ________.
A. the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses.
B. a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum.
C. the thickened portion of the uterine wall.
D. swept into the fallopian tube.
E. the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus.
B. a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum.
Sexual reproduction _______.
A. Allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions.
B. Can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment.
C. Yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction.
D. Enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats.
E. Guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring.
B. Can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment.
Animals with reproduction dependent on internal fertilization need not have ________.
A. Any copulatory organs.
B. A receptacle that receives sperm.
C. Behavioral interaction between males and females.
D. Internal development of embryos.
E. Haploid gametes.
D. Internal development of embryos.
For lactation to take place, ________ stimulates the synthesis of breast milk and ________ causes milk expulsion.
A. Testosterone; dihydrotestosterone.
B. Estrogen; progesterone.
C. Cortisol; testosterone.
D. Prolactin; oxytocin.
E. Luteinizing hormone; follicle stimulating hormone
D. Prolactin; oxytocin.
Which of the following is NOT true about the production of gametes?
A. The term spermatogenesis refers to the overall process of the production of sperm cells.
B. Human males are born with a finite amount of sperm cells and do not produce any more sperm cells throughout the rest of their lifetime.
C. Hormones play a role in the regulation of the production of gametes.
D. Gametes only carry half the genetic material somatic cells do.
E. None of the above.
B. Human males are born with a finite amount of sperm cells and do not produce any more sperm cells throughout the rest of their lifetime.
At the time of fertilization, the complete maturation of each oogonium has resulted in ________.
A. One secondary oocyte.
B. Two primary oocytes.
C. Four secondary oocytes.
D. Four primary oocytes.
E. Four zygotes.
A. One secondary oocyte
Contact of a sperm with signal molecules in the coat of an egg causes the sperm to undergo ________.
A. Mitosis.
B. Depolarization.
C. Apoptosis.
D. Vitellogenesis.
E. The acrosomal reaction
E. The acrosomal reaction
A contraceptive pill that continuously inhibits the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus will ________.
A. Increase the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries.
B. Initiate ovulation.
C. Reduce the secretion of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland.
D. Stimulate the secretion of LH and FSH from the posterior pituitary gland.
E. Increase the flow phase of the menstrual cycle
C. Reduce the secretion of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland.
An inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity would have which of the following effects?
A. Block the response of epinephrine.
B. Decrease the amount of cAMP in the cytoplasm.
C. Block the activation of G proteins in response to epinephrine binding to its receptor.
D. Prolong the effect of epinephrine by maintaining elevated cAMP levels in the cytoplasm.
E. Block the activation of protein kinase A
D. Prolong the effect of epinephrine by maintaining elevated cAMP levels in the cytoplasm.
Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding action potentials?
A. The membrane potential becomes more negative just before getting back to its resting state.
B. It is possible for summation of action potentials to occur.
C. Action potentials are set off by a change in the membrane potential.
D. Voltage-gated ion channels do not play a significant role in the initiation of action potentials.
E. None of the above
Voltage-gated ion channels do not play a significant role in the initiation of action potentials.
Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via ________.
A. Osmosis
B. Active transport
C. Diffusion
D. Transcytosis
E. Exocytosis
Exocytosis
Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory would be expected to …
A. Act independently of their receptor proteins.
B. Close potassium channels.
C. Open sodium channels.
D. Close chloride channels.
E. Hyperpolarize the membrane
Hyperpolarize the membrane
A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium ion (Na+) channels in axons would be expected to …
A. Prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential.
B. Prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential.
C. Prevent graded potentials.
D. Increase the release of neurotransmitter molecules.
E. Have most of its effects on the dendritic region of a neuron.
Prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential.
Excessive consumption of ethanol increases the influx of negative chloride ions into ʺcommon senseʺ neurons whose action potentials are needed for you to act appropriately and not harm yourself or others. So, any resulting poor decisions associated with ethanol ingestion are most likely due to _______.
A. Increased membrane depolarization of ʺcommon senseʺ neurons.
B. Decreased membrane depolarization of ʺcommon senseʺ neurons.
C. More action potentials in your ʺcommon senseʺ neurons.
D. More EPSPs in your ʺcommon senseʺ neurons.
E. Fewer IPSPs in your ʺcommon senseʺ neurons.
B. Decreased membrane depolarization of ʺcommon senseʺ neurons.