Chapter 5

Question 1

The accumulation of a person’s thoughts, perceptions, experience, and self-awareness.

Answer 1

What is Consciousness?

Question 2

A series of bodily functions regulated by an internal clock.

Answer 2

What are Biological Rhythms?

Question 3

A biological rhythm that cycles for a period longer than 24 hours.

Answer 3

What is an Infradian Rhythm?

Question 4

A biological rhythm that encompasses an entire year, a “yearly” cycle.

Answer 4

What is a Circannual Rhythm?

Question 5

A biological rhythm that takes place under 24 hours.

Answer 5

What is an Ultradian Ryhthm?

Question 6

A biological rhythm that operates on a constant 24 hour clock, responsible for regulating physiological and behavioural processes.

Answer 6

What is a Circadian Rhythm?

Question 7

A part of the hypothalamus that takes light level information and sends signals to the pineal gland to release melatonin.

Answer 7

What is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus? (SCN)

Question 8

An individual’s adaptation with chrono-biological, physical, and behavioural relationship with their environment.

Answer 8

What is Entrainment?

Question 9

A biological rhythm which is not affected by external cues or environmental circumstances.

Answer 9

What are Endogenous Rhythms?

Question 10

An individual’s preference for sleeping within a 24 hour period. As age increase, amount of sleep decreases, as they have a negative correlation.

Answer 10

What is a Chronotype?

Question 11

A set of objective measurements to examine physiological changes during sleep.

Answer 11

What is a Polysomnography Test?

Question 12

A device using sensors on the scalp to measure brain activity through a heatmap.

Answer 12

What is an Electroencephalogram? (EEG)

Question 13

Brain waves signifying wakefulness due to their erratic nature.

Answer 13

What are Beta Waves?

Question 14

Brain waves detected while day-dreaming, occur right before sleep.

Answer 14

What are Alpha Waves?

Question 15

Brain waves that occur as breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate decrease. Also of note, these brain waves can still be affected by external stimuli and return to higher frequency stages.

Answer 15

What are Theta Waves?

Question 16

Sleep stage characterised by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement, and rapid eye movement.

Answer 16

What is Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep?

Question 17

This sleep hypothesis states that sleep helps to restore energy and repair cellular wear and tear from the day’s activities.

Answer 17

What is the Restore-Repair Sleep Hypothesis?

Question 18

This sleep hypothesis states that sleep helps with preserving energy and occurs at periods of the day where an organism is least likely to be attacked.

Answer 18

What is the Preserve-Protect Sleep Hypothesis?

Question 19

This disorder occurs when an individual cannot or refuses to sleep consistently.

Answer 19

What is Sleep Deprivation?

Question 20

What are some impairments one would face if they were sleep deprived?

Answer 20

Difficulty multitasking, trouble focusing for consistent periods of time, poor risk assessment.

Question 21

This detriment occurs when one cannot sleep at their regular time dictated by their circadian rhythm.

Answer 21

What is Sleep Displacement?

Question 22

This event occurs when you travel somewhere in a different time zone and have not adjusted to the new daytime cycle.

Answer 22

What is Jet Lag?

Question 23

This branch of psychology deals with dreams as forms of wish fulfilment, where an individual reenacts primal urges.

Answer 23

What is Psychoanalytics?

Question 24

The images and stories we dream about, or what the dreams feature at a surface level.

Answer 24

What is Manifest Content?

Question 25

The symbolic meaning behind the dream, mostly described through violent or sexual urges.

Answer 25

What is Latent Content?

Question 26

The recording and follow-up interpretation of our dreams popularised by Freud to bring hidden urges to the forefront of our dreams.

Answer 26

What is Dream Work?

Question 27

What are some reasons Freud's Dream Theory isn't well respected?

Answer 27

Little scientific backing to his claims, dreams cannot be falsified/proven wrong, dreams cannot be objectively measured by any known instruments.

Question 28

This theory claims dreams arise from excitatory activity from the pons to induce eye movement and activity in the occipital and temporal lobes

Answer 28

What is Activation-Synthesis Theory?

Question 29

What also occurs during Activation-Synthesis?

Answer 29

The brainstem activates brain activity, and the cortex synthesises the activity into organised, coherent activity.

Question 30

This theory, also known as the Cognitive Dream Theory, believes that dreams are used to solve and understand problems that arise during periods of wakefulness.

Answer 30

What is Problem-Solving Theory?

Question 31

This event occurs when our REM Sleep is interrupted or cut short prematurely, as the body will prioritise REM Sleep at the next earliest possibility.

Answer 31

What is REM Rebound?

Question 32

A sleep disorder characterised by months of sleep deprivation to extreme levels.

Answer 32

What is Insomnia?

Question 33

What are some other forms of Insomnia?

Answer 33

Onset, trouble falling asleep in the first 30 minutes. Maintenance, trouble returning to sleep after being woken up. Terminal, trouble with waking up too early and unable to return to sleep.

Question 34

These dreams are particularly disturbing and occur during REM Sleep. These dreams are correlated positively with anxiety, negative emotions, and occur more generally within the female population.

Answer 34

What are Nightmares?

Question 35

These nightmares include intense bouts of panic and distress in an individual, usually resulting in displaced sleep and a heightened emotional state.

Answer 35

What are Night Terrors?

Question 36

This disorder occurs when an individual's movements are not inhibited, and the individual re-enacts their dream content while unconscious.

Answer 36

What is REM Behaviour Disorder/ Sleepwalking?

Question 37

Occurs when an individual temporarily cannot breathe while asleep, resulting in widening nostrils, mouth breathing, and snoring.

Answer 37

What is Sleep Apnea?

Question 38

This sleep disorder causes an individual to experience intense daytime drowsiness and impaired motor function.

Answer 38

What is Narcolepsy?

Question 39

A procedure of inducing heightened states of suggestibility.

Answer 39

What is Hypnosis?

Question 40

What are some forms of Hypnosis?

Answer 40

Ideometer, in which specific actions are performed. Challenge, where an individual's actions are inhibited. Cognitive-Perceptual, remembering false information or failing to recall information.

Question 41

A theory of hypnosis that the state of suggestion is a unique state of consciousness divided in two, a lower level for perception and an upper level for executive processing.

Answer 41

What is Dissociation Theory?

Question 42

What is a general rule of thumb for executive processing?

Answer 42

As skill increases at a task, you will need less executive processing to perform the skill and it will become more automatic as a response.

Question 43

This theory of hypnosis states that one's beliefs and expectations contribute to the heightened state of suggestibility.

Answer 43

What is Social Cognitive Theory?

Question 44

This neurotransmitter is the most affected by drug intake.

Answer 44

What is Dopamine?

Question 45

What are 3 important facts about drugs that can change the experience?

Answer 45

Where the drug is taken (affects metabolism of drug), preconceptions and expectations of the drug's effect, and past experiences with the drug.

Question 46

Neurotransmitter receptors will move further apart to avoid further stimulation in this process.

Answer 46

What is Down-Regulation?

Question 47

When a drug leaves you with physical and psychological effects when you are not under it's influence, you are experiencing this biological effect.

Answer 47

What is Withdrawal Symptoms?

Question 48

What can happen to your nervous system while taking drugs?

Answer 48

Your nervous system can speed up, slow down, or by interfering with the neuron signals from external cues.

Question 49

Substances that affect thinking, behaviour, perceptions, and emotions.

Answer 49

What are Psychedelics/Psychoactive Drugs?

Question 50

Substances that speed up the nervous system, with crystal meth as an example.

Answer 50

What are Stimulants?