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PSCI 103H > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that are released by neurons and that affect the activity of other neurons.

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3
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The space between neurons

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4
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

All the neurons within the brain and spinal cord.

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

Stress is a psychological experience that easily gets “_______ _____ ______” to influence how our bodies function.

A

under the skin

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7
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The part of the PNS that serves the skin and voluntary muscles.

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous (ANS)

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that primarily serves internal organs

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9
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

A division of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body’s resources in emergency, stressful, and emotional situations.

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10
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

A division of the autonomic nervous system that promotes relaxation and functions under normal, non- stressful conditions.

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11
Q

Acetylcholine

A

One of the major neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system.

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12
Q

Norepinephrine

A

One of two major neurotransmitters of the autonomic
nervous system.

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13
Q

Endocrine system

A

The system of the body consisting of ductless glands.

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14
Q

Neuroendocrine system

A

Those endocrine glands that are controlled by and interact with the nervous system

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15
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances released into the blood and having effects on other parts of the body.

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16
Q

Pituitary gland

A

An endocrine gland that lies within the brain and whose
secretions regulate many other glands.

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17
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

A hormone produced by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland that acts on the adrenal gland and is involved in the stress response.

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18
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Endocrine glands, located on top of each kidney, that secrete hormones and affect metabolism.

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19
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The outer layer of the adrenal glands; secretes glucocorticoids.

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20
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

The inner layer of the adrenal glands; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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21
Q

Adrenocortical response

A

The response of the adrenal cortex, prompted by ACTH, that results in the release of glucocorticoids, including cortisol.

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22
Q

Cortisol

A

A type of glucocorticoid that provides a natural defense against inflammation and regulates carbohydrate metabolism.

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23
Q

Adrenomedullary response

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A

The response of the adrenal medulla, prompted by sympathetic nervous system activation, that results in the release of epinephrine.

24
Q

Catecholamines

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A

A class of chemicals containing epinephrine and norepinephrine.

25
Epinephrine
A chemical manufactured by the adrenal medulla that accounts for much of the hormone production of the adrenal glands; sometimes called adrenaline.
26
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
A set of signals and relationships that exist among the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands.
27
Allostatic load
The term refers to the “wear and tear” of the body due to prolonged activation of physiological stress responses.
28
Alarm reaction
The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), in which the body’s defenses are mobilized against a stressor.
29
Resistance stage
The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), in which the body adapts to a stressor.
30
Exhaustion stage
The final stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), in which the body’s ability to resist a stressor has been depleted.
31
Primary appraisal
One’s initial appraisal of a potentially stressful event (Lazarus and Folkman).
32
Secondary appraisal
One’s perceived ability to control or cope with harm, threat, or challenge (Lazarus and Folkman).
33
Reappraisal
One’s nearly constant reevaluation of stressful events (Lazarus and Folkman).
34
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
An anxiety disorder caused by experience with an extremely traumatic event and characterized by recurrent and intrusive reexperiencing of the event.
35
Urban press
The many environmental stressors that affect city living, including noise, crowding, crime, and pollution.
36
Population density
A physical condition in which a large population occupies a limited space.
37
Life events
Major events in a person’s life that require change or adaptation.
38
Daily hassles
Everyday events that people experience as harmful, threat- ening, or annoying
39
Social support
Both tangible and intangible support a person receives from other people.
40
Social contacts
Number and kinds of people with whom one associates; members of one’s social network
41
Social network
The number and kinds of people with whom one associates; social contacts.
42
Social isolation
The absence of specific role relationships.
43
Personal control
Confidence that people have in their ability to control the events that shape their lives.
44
Optimists
People who have a positive outlook on life and expect good things to happen to them.
45
Problem-focused coping
Coping strategies aimed at changing the source of the stress.
46
Emotion-focused coping
Coping strategies oriented toward managing the emotions that accompany the perception of stress
47
Relaxation training
Relaxation training is perhaps the simplest and easiest to use of all psychological interventions, and relaxation may be the key ingredient in other types of therapeutic interventions for managing stress.
48
Cognitive behavioral therapy
A type of therapy that aims to develop beliefs, attitudes, thoughts, and skills to make positive changes in behavior.
49
Emotional disclosure
A therapeutic technique whereby people express their strong emotions by talking or writing about the events that precipitated them.
50
Catharsis
The spoken or written expression of strong negative emotion, which may result in improvement in physiological or psychological health.
51
Mindfulness
a quality of consciousness or awareness that comes about through intentionally focusing one’s attention on the present moment in a nonjudgmen- tal and accepting manner
52
What is the physiology of stress?
When a person perceives stress, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla, producing catecholamines and arousing the person from a resting state. The perception of stress also prompts a second route of response through the pituitary gland, which releases adrenocorticotropic hormone. This hormone, in turn, affects the adrenal cortex, which produces glucocorticoids. These hormones prepare the body to resist stress.
53
What theories explain stress?
the general adaptation syndrome. The GAS has three stages—alarm, resistance, and exhaustion—and the potential for trauma or illness exists at all three stages. To Lazarus, stress depends on one’s appraisal of an event rather than on the event itself. Whether or not stress produces illness is closely tied to one’s vulnerability as well as to one’s perceived ability to cope with the situation.
54
How has stress been measured?
Most life events scales are patterned after Holmes and Rahe’s Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Lazarus and his associates pioneered scales that measure daily hassles and uplifts. These scales, which generally have better validity than the SRRS, emphasize the severity of the event as perceived by the person.
55
What sources produce stress?
Sources of stress can be categorized as cataclysmic events, life events, and daily hassles.
56
What factors influence coping, and what strategies are effective?
Factors that influence coping include social support, personal control, and personal hardiness.
57
What behavioral techniques are effective for stress management?
relaxation training, cognitive behavioral therapy, emotional disclosure, and mindfulness-based stress reduction interventions

PSCI 103H (16 decks)

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