Chapter 9

Question 1

Cardiovascular system

Answer 1

The system of the body that includes the heart, arteries, and veins.

Question 2

Arteries

Answer 2

Vessels carrying blood away from the heart

Question 3

Arterioles

Answer 3

Small branches of an artery.

Question 4

Capillaries

Answer 4

Very small vessels that connect arteries and veins.

Question 5

Veins

Answer 5

Vessels that carry blood to the heart.

Question 6

Venules

Answer 6

The smallest veins.

Question 7

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Answer 7

Disorders of the circulatory system, including coronary artery disease and stroke.

Question 8

Myocardium

Answer 8

The heart muscle.

Question 9

Atheromatous plaques

Answer 9

Deposits of cholesterol and other lipids, connective tissue, and muscle tissue.

Question 10

Atherosclerosis

Answer 10

The formation of plaque within the arteries.

Question 11

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 11

A condition marked by loss of elasticity and hardening
of arteries.

Question 12

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Answer 12

A disorder of the myocardium arising from atherosclerosis and/or arteriosclerosis.

Question 13

Ischemia

Answer 13

Restriction of blood flow to tissue or organs; often used with
reference to the heart

Question 14

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

Answer 14

Any damage to the myocardium resulting from insufficient blood supply.

Question 15

Myocardial infarction

Answer 15

Heart attack.

Question 16

Cardiac rehabilitation

Answer 16

A complex of approaches designed to restore heart patients to cardiovascular health.

Question 17

Angina pectoris

Answer 17

A disorder involving a restricted blood supply to the
myocardium, which results in chest pain and restricted breathing.

Question 18

A common stroke

Answer 18

aused by a clot. Most often, the clot forms where an artery has been narrowed by fatty deposits

Question 19

A hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 19

Caused by bleeding in the brain due to a rupture of a weakened artery.

Question 20

aneurysm

Answer 20

a sac formed by the ballooning of a weakened artery wall

Question 21

Systolic pressure

Answer 21

A measure of blood pressure generated by the heart’s
contraction.

Question 22

Diastolic pressure

Answer 22

A measure of blood pressure between contractions of
the heart

Question 23

Hypertension

Answer 23

Abnormally high blood pressure, with either a systolic reading in excess of 160 or a diastolic reading in excess of 105

Question 24

Essential hypertension

Answer 24

Elevations of blood pressure that have no known cause.

Question 25

risk factor

Answer 25

any characteristic or condition that occurs with greater frequency in people with a disease than in people free from that disease.

Question 26

Lipoproteins

Answer 26

Substances in the blood consisting of lipid and protein

Question 27

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Answer 27

A form of lipoprotein found to be positively related to coronary artery disease.

Question 28

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Answer 28

A form of lipoprotein that confers some protection against coronary artery disease.

Question 29

Triglycerides

Answer 29

A group of molecules consisting of glycerol and three fatty acids; one of the components of serum lipids that has been implicated in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.

Question 30

Cardiologists

Answer 30

Very small vessels that connect arteries and veins.

Question 31

Cardiovascular reactivity (CVR)

Answer 31

An increase in blood pressure and heart rate as a reaction to frustration or harassment

Question 32

What are the structures, functions, and disorders of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 32

The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels (veins, venules, arteries, arterioles, and capillaries). The heart pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and removing wastes from body cells. Disorders of the cardiovascular system include (1) coronary artery disease (2) myocardial infarction (3) angina pectoris (4) stroke (5) hypertension

Question 33

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Answer 33

Beginning with the Framingham study, researchers identified a number of cardiovascular risk factors. These factors include (1) inherent risk, (2) physiological risks, (3) behavioral and lifestyle risks, and (4) psychosocial risks.

Question 34

How does lifestyle relate to cardiovascular health?

Answer 34

Lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking, unwise eating, and a sedentary lifestyle all predict cardiovascular health. During the past three decades, deaths from heart disease have steadily decreased in the United States; perhaps as much as 50% of that drop is a result of changes in behavior and lifestyle.

Question 35

What behaviors allow people to lower their cardiovascular risks?

Answer 35

Drugs, sodium restriction, and weight loss all can control hypertension. Also, drugs, diet, and exercise can lower cholesterol levels. Lowering the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL is probably a better idea, but the statin type of cholesterol-lowering drugs tends to lower LDL, which can also be beneficial.