chapter 5

Question 1

learning causes ….

Answer 1

neural change in brain

Question 2

learning definition

Answer 2

process of acquiring through experience new enduring information or behaviors

Question 3

associative learning definition

Answer 3

involves learning connections between invents that occur in a organism’s environment

Question 4

stimulus definition

Answer 4

an event or situation that evokes a response

Question 5

what is classical conditioning

Answer 5

a type of learning in which stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Question 6

who was Ivan Pavlov / “ ……. ……..’

Answer 6

a Russian psychologist that researched on digestion / “psychic reflexes”

Question 7

neutral stimulus (NS) definition (yes or no conditioning?)

Answer 7

a stimulus which initially does not produce a specific response (no conditioning)

Question 8

unconditioned stimulus (US) definition (yes or no conditioning?)

Answer 8

a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned stimulus that occurs WITHOUT previous conditioning

Question 9

unconditioned response (UR) definition (yes or no conditioning?)

Answer 9

an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs WITHOUT previous conditioning

Question 10

conditioned stimulus (CS) definition (yes or no conditioning?)

Answer 10

a previously neutral stimulus that has conditioning acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

Question 11

conditioned response (CR) definition (yes or no conditioning?)

Answer 11

a learned reaction to a conditional stimulus that occurs because of previous learning

Question 12

what are the 6 basic processes in CC

Answer 12

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization , stimulus discrimination

Question 13

what did Watson & Rayner do in 1920 to “little Albert”

Answer 13

installed fear into the baby

Question 14

acquisition definiton

Answer 14

initial stage of learning something

Question 15

extinction definiton

Answer 15

gradual weakening & disappearing of a conditioning response tendency

Question 16

spontaneous recovery definition

Answer 16

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the CS

Question 17

stimulus generalization definiton

Answer 17

organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus response in the same way to a new simular stimuli

Question 18

discrimination definition

Answer 18

organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus DOES NOT respond in a same way to a new simular stimuli

Question 19

why does Pavlov’s work remain so important? (3)

Answer 19

1. demonstrated how a learning process can be studied objectively
2. classical conditioning is a basic form of learning that applies to all species
3. conditioned fear and anxiety (phobias)

Question 20

phobia definiton

Answer 20

irrational fear of a specific object or situation

Question 21

…….. ………… is also why Pavlov’s work remain so important

Answer 21

evaluative conditioning

Question 22

what is evaluative conditioning (examples)

Answer 22

changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli ( using half naked / attractive woman in ads to get you to buy their products)

Question 23

what is high order conditioning

Answer 23

a conditioned
stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

Question 24

operant conditioning was discovered by … (what year)

Answer 24

B.F. Skinner in the 1930

Question 25

how did B.F. skinner experiment & what did he call it?

Answer 25

he used a puzzle box for cats / law of affect

Question 26

operat conditioning definition

Answer 26

a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Question 27

reinforcement definiton

Answer 27

occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response

Question 28

shaping definiton (example)

Answer 28

consists of repeatedly reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired response until the desired response is achieved (pigeons playing ping pong to get food)

Question 29

schedule of reinforcement definition

Answer 29

a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcements over time

Question 30

increasing behavior =

Answer 30

reinforcement

Question 31

positive reinforcement =

Answer 31

response followed by a rewarding stimuli

Question 32

negative reinforcement =

Answer 32

response followed by a removal of an aversive stimulus

Question 33

decreasing a behavior =

Answer 33

punishment

Question 34

positive punishment =

Answer 34

response followed by a presenting an aversive stimuli

Question 35

negative punishment =

Answer 35

response followed by removing a pleasant stimuli

Question 36

what is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 36

doing soemthing you like

Question 37

what is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 37

you do it not because you want to but because you want the outcome of whatever you do

Question 38

what do humans tend to do intrinsic motivation or extrinsic motivation?

Answer 38

extrinsic motivation

Question 39

who believed we look/watch/observe other people to do something/behave/act (give an example)

Answer 39

Albert Banda (if we see people walk into a room and a brick hits their head we obviously wont go through that door)

Question 40

Albert Banda was also known for .... .... this concluded?

Answer 40

Bobo dolls. he had adults punch, wack,abuse the dolls and used children to see if they would also do the same... therefore this concluded that whatever the child saw it also did

Question 41

model definiton

Answer 41

process of observing and learning behaviors

Question 42

squama definition

Answer 42

we have notecard in our brains that also us to EXPECT of what is going to happen

Question 43

to be able to achieve observational learning I would (4 & their definitions)

Answer 43

1. attention (paying attention) 2. retention(remembering info) 3. reproducing(capable of doing) 4. motivation(intrinsic/extrinsic)