chapter 5

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

your moment-by-moment awareness of your internal and external world

Question 2

mind body problem

Answer 2

EEG (brain activity) precedes conscious decision EMG - (motor action)

Question 3

introspection

Answer 3

the process of examining ones own internal thoughts and feelings

• self report
• has limitations

Question 4

selective attention

Answer 4

focusing ones awareness onto a particular aspect of ones experience

Question 5

inattentional blindness

Answer 5

failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

Question 6

change blindness

Answer 6

when people fail to detect changes in a visual stimulus/visual details of a scene

Question 7

automaticity

Answer 7

ability to perform a task without conscious awareness or attention

Question 8

cognitive unconsciousness

Answer 8

the various mental processes that support everyday functioning without conscious awareness or control

Question 9

subliminal perception

Answer 9

a form of perception that occurs without conscious awareness

• people cannot consciously report having seen a stimulus, but their behavior suggests otherwise

Question 10

default mode network

Answer 10

an interconnected system of brain regions that are active when the mind is alert and aware but focused on a particular task

Question 11

self consciousness

Answer 11

• subjective awareness of self

Question 12

different brain areas- awareness vs. arousal

Answer 12

While arousal is the global state of responsiveness, awareness is the brain’s ability to perceive specific environmental stimuli in different domains, including visual, somatosensory, auditory, and interoceptive (e.g. visceral and body position).

Question 13

arousal circadian rhythm

Answer 13

a regular 24-hour pattern of bodily arousal

• suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - brain structure in the hypothalamus that helps regulate sleep and alertness

Question 14

4 stages of sleep

Answer 14

stage 1: shallow sleep, theta waves
stage 2: k complex waves and sleep spindles
stage 3/4: deeper sleep; delta waves
REM: toward the end of the 90-minute cycle

Question 15

REM

Answer 15

• rapid eye movements
• brain activity similar to wakefulness
  faster heart and breathing rated
• inability to move the skeletal muscles, and dreams

Question 16

unhemispheric sleep

Answer 16

a sleep state where one half of the brain is asleep while the other half remains awake

Question 17

functions of sleep

Answer 17

• sleep constructs, repairs, and restore
  - boosts immune cells, brain rebuilds protein and restores glycogen
  - may rest overstimulated neurons
• important in learning and memory
  - sleep enhances memory consolidation

Question 18

dreams

Answer 18

sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts, sometimes vivid storyline, that are experienced during sleep

Question 19

dream activation-synthesis hypothesis

Answer 19

• brain attempts to makes sense of random neural activity
• fMRI scans of brains during dreaming

Question 20

insomnia

Answer 20

difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

Question 21

sleep apnea

Answer 21

person stops breathing for brief periods while sleeping

Question 22

somnambulism (sleepwalking)

Answer 22

occurs when the person arises and walks around during sleep

Question 23

narcolepsy

Answer 23

a sleep disorder that makes people very drowsy during the day

Question 24

RBD (REM sleep behavior disorder)

Answer 24

a sleep disorder in which you act out your dreams

Question 25

night terrors

Answer 25

a sleep disorder that involve a person waking up from sleep in a state of intense fear

Question 26

psychoactive drug

Answer 26

alter consciousness and/or behavior via neurotransmitters

Question 27

drug tolerance

Answer 27

need larger doses over time for the same effect

Question 28

drug withdrawal

Answer 28

the physical and mental symptoms that a person has when they suddenly stop or cut back the use of an addictive substance

Question 29

addiction

Answer 29

a chronic mental health condition that involves a strong psychological or physical need to use a substance or perform an activity, even if it causes harm

Question 30

depressants

Answer 30

reduce CNS activity - increase GABA activity - examples: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, toxic inhalants

Question 31

alcohol expectancy theory

Answer 31

idea that alcohol effects can be pronounced by peoples expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

Question 32

alcohol myopia

Answer 32

condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

Question 33

stimulants

Answer 33

- excited CNS, heighten arousal and activity - caffeine, amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine, modafinil (for narcolepsy), and ecstasy (MDMA) - elicit euphoria and confidence/motivation - via increase DA and NE

Question 34

narcotics (opiates)

Answer 34

- derived from opium used o relieve pain - highly addictive - types include heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine - related to endorphins

Question 35

hallucinogens

Answer 35

- alter sensation and perception - LSD (or acid), mescaline, psilocybin, PCP, and ketamine cause auditory and visual hallucinations via heightened excitation across brain areas

Question 36

marijuana

Answer 36

- mildly hallucinogenic - drug affects judgement, concentration, sensory and time perception, short-term memory, and motor skills/coordination - THC is active ingredient - mimics natural occurring anandamide (the "bliss molecule") - binds to anandamide receptors so the is why it affects the behaviors listed above - medicinal uses controversial

Question 37

how drug use affects the CNS

Answer 37

speed up the transmission of messages sent throughout the body

Question 38

how drug use affects neurotransmitters

Answer 38

the brain adjusts by producing lower levels of neurotransmitters in the reward system