chapter 7

Question 1

encoding

Answer 1

the process of putting information to memory

Question 2

storage

Answer 2

maintaining information over time

Question 3

retrieval

Answer 3

the ability to access information when you need it

Question 4

misinformation effect

Answer 4

the phenomenon where exposure to false information can lead to the distortion of memory and beliefs, impacting decision-making and behavior

Question 5

false memories

Answer 5

cases in which people remember events differently from the way they happened or, in the most dramatic case, remember events that never happened at all

Question 6

shallow encoding

Answer 6

based on sensory characteristics, such as how something looks or sounds

Question 7

dep encoding

Answer 7

based on connecting to past experience and meaning
2 types
- elaboration
- semantic

Question 8

duration and capacity

Answer 8

The capacity of the long term memory is unlimited, as is the duration but items can decay and fade overtime.

Question 9

iconic memory

Answer 9

fast-decaying store of visual information

Question 10

echoic memory

Answer 10

fast- decaying store of auditory information

Question 11

short term memory

Answer 11

storage that holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds

Question 12

rehearsal

Answer 12

process of keeping information in STM by mentally repeating it

Question 13

chunking

Answer 13

combining small pieces of information into larger clusters that are more easily held in STM

Question 14

working memory

Answer 14

manipulation of information for current tasks and can facilitate trader to long term memory

Question 15

phonological loop

Answer 15

a component of working memory that stores and maintains verbal and auditory information

Question 16

visa-spatial sketchpad

Answer 16

a part of working memory that temporarily stores and manipulates visual and spatial information

Question 17

central executive

Answer 17

the part of the working memory model that controls and coordinates the processes involved in short-term storage and general processing

Question 18

long term memory

Answer 18

storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years; no known capacity

Question 19

transience

Answer 19

the gradual decline of memory over time

Question 20

primary effect

Answer 20

the tendency to recall information presented at the start of a list better than information at the middle or end

Question 21

recency effect

Answer 21

a cognitive bias in which those items, ideas, or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly than those that came first

Question 22

amnesia

Answer 22

the loss of memory due to brain damage or trauma

Question 23

anterograde amnesia

Answer 23

can’t create new long term memories after damage

Question 24

retrograde amnesia

Answer 24

can’t remember anything prior to damage

Question 25

consolidation

Answer 25

the process whereby memory is integrated and becomes stable in the brain - time-dependent - boosted during sleep

Question 26

long-term potentiation

Answer 26

a mechanism that creates enduring synaptic connections, which results in increased transmission between neurons

Question 27

reconsolidation

Answer 27

reactivation of consolidation forgetting therapy: memories are reconsolidated, with interference

Question 28

explicit vs. implicit memory

Answer 28

explicit processes are conscious, while implicit processes are unconscious

Question 29

semantic

Answer 29

Semantic memory is focused on facts, ideas, and concepts. - facts

Question 30

episodic

Answer 30

refers to the recalling of particular and subjective life experiences - personal

Question 31

priming

Answer 31

the increased ability to process a stimulus because of previous exposure

Question 32

classical conditioning

Answer 32

a learning process where a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that produces a natural response, creating a new conditioned response to the neutral stimulus

Question 33

procedural

Answer 33

acquisition of skills or process - riding a bike or tying a shoe.

Question 34

emotional memories

Answer 34

brain activity is enhanced for emotional events in the amygdala and hippocampus

Question 35

flashbulb memory

Answer 35

a vivid memory for an emotionally significant event

Question 36

free recall

Answer 36

retrieval from memory without any cues to aid your retrieval

Question 37

cued recall

Answer 37

retrieval that is facilitated by providing information related to the stored memory

Question 38

recognition

Answer 38

identify previously seen or experienced information

Question 39

encoding specific principle

Answer 39

retrieval is best when the present context recreates the context in which it was encoded

Question 40

state-dependent retrieval

Answer 40

same state during both encoding and retrieval

Question 41

mood-dependent retrieval

Answer 41

same mood during both encoding and retrieval

Question 42

tips to improve memory/learning

Answer 42

MEMORY - self testing, or retrieval practice - concept mapping - sleep LEARNING - pay attention - study often - spacing effect - encode deeply - test yourself

Question 43

theories of forgetting

Answer 43

explains why people forget things

Question 44

retroactive interference

Answer 44

New information changes old memories, sometimes causing the original memory to be forgotten

Question 45

proactive interference

Answer 45

Previously learned information makes it harder to create new memories.

Question 46

motivated forgetting

Answer 46

a psychological defense mechanism where people consciously or unconsciously block out unwanted memories to reduce anxiety

Question 47

encoding failure

Answer 47

a breakdown in the process of getting information in to the cognitive system

Question 48

attention

Answer 48

helps determine what will be remembered and, consequently, how we prepare for the future

Question 49

memory

Answer 49

memories influence how we direct our attention

Question 50

age-related memory decline

Answer 50

a normal part of aging that involves changes in the brain and other parts of the body

Question 51

infantile amnesia

Answer 51

the inability of adults to recollect early episodic memories