chapter 8

Question 1

mental representation

Answer 1

an internal mental symbol

Question 2

concept

Answer 2

mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli

Question 3

prototype

Answer 3

a best example or average member of a concept

Question 4

representative heuristic

Answer 4

a mental shortcut for judging the likelihood of something

Question 5

availability heuristic

Answer 5

a mental shortcut for deciding how frequent or probable something is

Question 6

affect heuristic

Answer 6

a mental shortcut for making judgements and decisions that involves relying on affect

Question 7

framing

Answer 7

the particular way that an issue, decision, or set of options is described

• changes decisions-makers’ reference point
• norms matter

Question 8

phonemes

Answer 8

speech sounds

Question 9

morphemes

Answer 9

the smallest unit of meaning

Question 10

grammar

Answer 10

rules that govern the way that language parts are put together

• syntax: arrangement of words into sentences
• morphology: use of markers to indicate meaning

Question 11

pragmatics

Answer 11

rules of usage

Question 12

linguistic determination

Answer 12

language shapes how we think and how we see the world

Question 13

language development

Answer 13

infants prefer mothers voice and native language

infants can distinguish between all human phonemes, although this ability dissipates by 10-12 months of age

Question 14

nativist

Answer 14

noam Chomsky, innate specialized learning mechanism: language acquisition device

Question 15

general cognitive ability

Answer 15

general perceptual and learning processes statistical learning

development of cognitive abilities (memory, attention, serial processing)

Question 16

cooing

Answer 16

a stage of infants’ prelinguistic speech development and consists of the production of single syllable, vowel-like sounds

Question 17

babbling

Answer 17

a stage of early language development in infants that involves making non-cry vocalizations that are repetitive and consonant-vowel based

Question 18

holophrases

Answer 18

a single word or short phrase that conveys a complete idea or sentiment

Question 19

over regularization

Answer 19

a language development process where children apply grammatical rules to irregular words

Question 20

overextension errors

Answer 20

a common language error in which a child uses a word to describe a wider range of objects or concepts than is accurate

Question 21

sensitive periods

Answer 21

a time during development when a person is more likely to be affected by environmental experiences

Question 22

intelligence

Answer 22

the capability to think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, reason, plan, solve problems, learn from experience, and acquire new knowledge

Question 23

analytical

Answer 23

“componential” intelligence (problem solving)

Question 24

creative

Answer 24

“experimental” intelligent (novel solutions)

Question 25

practical

Answer 25

"contextual" intelligence (everyday)

Question 26

fluid intelligence

Answer 26

the ability to tackle new and unusual situations

Question 27

crystallized intelligence

Answer 27

accumulated knowledge

Question 28

Gardners multiple intelligence theory

Answer 28

based partly on evidence from savant syndrome, or the presence of unusual talents in people who are otherwise profoundly mentally disabled

Question 29

intelligence test

Answer 29

the test measured children's abilities to name and understand words. it also featured nonverbal tests using objects like beads and cubes.

Question 30

mental age

Answer 30

average age at which children reform closest to the given child performance. objective measure of whether the child wad typical, delayed, or advanced in intellectual development

Question 31

achievement test

Answer 31

determine hoe much you learned over a certain period of time

Question 32

aptitude test

Answer 32

the ACT an achievement test that some students take when they apple to college. measures what the students take when they apply to college, measures what the students have learned in high school and predicts college performance

Question 33

wechsler adult intelligence scale

Answer 33

used to assess how well people are functioning and whether hey have any cognitive problems

Question 34

growth mindset

Answer 34

intelligence can be developed

Question 35

fixed mindset

Answer 35

intelligence is unchanging

Question 36

individual variability

Answer 36

the differences in how people respond to situations, or how their behavior changes over time

Question 37

individual heritability

Answer 37

the part of individual differences (or variation) in a trait or disorder in a population that is explained by genetic variation

Question 38

enrichment

Answer 38

a shift from elementary to complex behaviors by means of mechanisms of coordination

Question 39

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 39

a psychological phenomenon that occurs when a person's expectations about a situation lead to actions that make those expectations come true