chapter 5

Question 1

what are the three common types of measures

Answer 1

• self-report
• observational
• physiological

Question 2

what did Deiner make the conceptual definition of happiness

Answer 2

• subjective well-being

Question 3

how did Deiner operationalise subjective well-being

Answer 3

• report their own happiness in a questionnaire format

Question 4

how does a self-report measure operationalise variables

Answer 4

• recording people’s answers to questions about themselves in a questionnaire or interview

Question 5

how do observational measures operationalise variables

Answer 5

recording observable behaviours or physical traces of behaviours

Question 6

how do physiological measures operationalise variables

Answer 6

• recording biological data, such as brain activity, hormone levels, heart rate

Question 7

what are operational variables primarily classified as

Answer 7

• quantitative or categorical

Question 8

what are the three types of quantitative scales

Answer 8

• ordinal
• interval
• ratio

Question 9

what is an ordinal scale

Answer 9

numerals of a quantitative variable represent a ranked order

Question 10

what is an interval scale

Answer 10

• the numerals represent equal intervals between levels
• there is no true zero

Question 11

what is a ratio scale

Answer 11

• numerals have equal intervals
• the value of 0 truly means none

Question 12

what is test-retest reliability

Answer 12

• pp will get the same score each time they are measured with it

Question 13

what is interrater reliability

Answer 13

consistent scores are obtained no matter who measures the variable

Question 14

what is internal reliability

Answer 14

a pp gives a consistent pattern of answers, no matter how the researchers phrase the question

Question 15

what are the 2 statistical devices researchers can use for data analysis

Answer 15

• scatter plots
• the correlation coefficient

Question 16

what is a correlation coefficient

Answer 16

• a single number that indicates how close the dots or points are on a scatter plot to a line drawn through them

Question 17

what is the average inter-item correlation

Answer 17

the average of all the correlations between every item and every other item

Question 18

what is cronbach’s alpha

Answer 18

mathematically combines all the average inter-item correlation and the number of items in the scale

Question 19

what is face validity

Answer 19

a measure is considered to be a plausible operationalisation of the concept variable in question

Question 20

what is content validity

Answer 20

a measure must capture all parts of the defined constuct

Question 21

what is criterion validity

Answer 21

evaluates whether the measure under consideration is associated with a concrete behavioural outcome that it should be associated with according to the conceptual definition

Question 22

correlational evidence for criterion validity

Answer 22

• there should be a correlation with the concrete behaviours

Question 23

what is a known groups paradigm

Answer 23

researchers see whether the scores on the measure can discriminate among two or more groups whose behaviour is already confirmed

Question 24

what are the patterns of correlations with measures of theoretically similar and dissimilar constructs called

Answer 24

convergent validity or discriminate validity