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Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the motor skills newborn infants can do?

A

Reflexes

Reflexes have survival values and usually disappear several months after birth, although some persist throughout life.

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2
Q

What is the Rooting Reflex?

A

A reflex where infants turn their head towards a stimulus that touches their cheek.

This reflex helps infants find food.

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3
Q

What is the Moro Reflex?

A

A reflex where infants spread their arms and then pull them back in response to a sudden loss of support.

This reflex is also known as the startle reflex.

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4
Q

What is the Sucking Reflex?

A

A reflex that causes infants to suck when their lips are touched.

This reflex is crucial for feeding.

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5
Q

What is the Grasping Reflex?

A

A reflex where infants will grasp an object placed in their hand.

This reflex is demonstrated by the baby holding onto a caregiver’s finger.

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6
Q

Which reflexes usually disappear several months after birth?

A

Rooting Reflex, Moro Reflex, Sucking Reflex, Grasping Reflex

These reflexes are part of normal infant development.

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7
Q

Which reflexes persist throughout life?

A

Coughing, Sneezing, Blinking

These reflexes are essential for survival and health.

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

Skills that involve large-muscle activities (e.g., walking)

Gross motor skills are crucial for physical development in early childhood.

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10
Q

At what age can children typically walk alone easily?

A

Around 12 months

This is a significant milestone in gross motor skill development.

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11
Q

What is the first gross motor skill typically achieved by infants?

A

Prone, lift head

This skill indicates the beginning of head and neck strength.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Children can _______ using furniture or support.

A

Walk

This skill helps children gain confidence in their mobility.

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13
Q

What does it mean to support some weight with legs?

A

An early gross motor skill where infants learn to bear weight on their legs

This is usually observed when infants are held in a standing position.

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14
Q

At what stage can infants typically sit without support?

A

Around 6 to 8 months

Sitting without support is a key developmental milestone.

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15
Q

What does it indicate when a child can stand with support?

A

It indicates developing strength and balance

This skill typically appears around 9 to 12 months.

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16
Q

What is the order of gross motor skill development from prone to standing?

A

Prone, lift head → Prone, chest up, use arms for support → Support some weight with legs → Sit without support → Stand with support → Walk using furniture or support → Stand alone easily → Walk alone easily

This sequence illustrates the progression of gross motor development.

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17
Q

True or False: Children can pull themselves to stand before they can sit without support.

A

False

Children typically learn to sit without support before pulling themselves to stand.

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18
Q

What is the significance of the degree of motor development in infants?

A

It reflects their physical growth and readiness for more complex movements

Tracking motor development can help identify any potential delays.

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19
Q

What are the gross motor skills milestones for the second year?

A

Use hands & legs to climb up a few steps, run stiffly for a short distance, balance on their feet in a squatting position, walk backward without losing balance, kick a ball without falling, jump in place

These milestones indicate significant physical development during the second year of life.

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20
Q

What activities do children enjoy during early childhood?

A

Hopping, jumping, & running back and forth

These activities reflect the increasing physical abilities and enjoyment of movement in young children.

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21
Q

How does motor development change during middle childhood?

A

Motor development becomes much smoother and more coordinated; engage in sophisticated sports, such as skipping rope, swimming, bicycle riding

This stage marks a transition to more complex motor skills and physical activities.

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22
Q

At what ages does physical performance peak?

A

Between ages of 19 to 26

This peak reflects optimal physical capabilities in young adulthood.

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23
Q

What changes occur in motor skills as adults age?

A

Move more slowly

Aging affects overall physical performance and speed.

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24
Q

How many adults over the age of 65 fracture a hip in a fall each year?

A

~ 200,000

This statistic highlights the risks associated with falls in older adults.

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25
What is the mortality rate for adults who fracture a hip within 12 months?
Half of these adults die within 12 months ## Footnote This emphasizes the serious health implications of hip fractures in the elderly.
26
How does exercise impact aging adults?
Exercise helps ---Plasticity ## Footnote Regular physical activity can improve mobility and health outcomes in older adults.
27
What are fine motor skills?
Involves finely tuned movements (e.g. fingers) ## Footnote Fine motor skills are essential for tasks that require precise movements.
28
At what age do children start to reach and grasp with the whole hand?
Several months old ## Footnote This marks the beginning of fine motor development.
29
What is the pincer grip and when do children typically develop it?
Grasp small objects with thumb and forefinger, typically by the end of the 1st year ## Footnote The pincer grip is crucial for picking up small items.
30
What fine motor skills can children aged 3-5 years old typically perform?
Draw and build very high block towers ## Footnote These activities reflect their developing coordination and control.
31
What fine motor skills are expected by school age?
Tie shoes, fasten clothes, write letters with a pencil ## Footnote Mastery of these skills is important for daily tasks and academic readiness.
32
What manipulative skills do children aged 10-12 exhibit?
Skills similar to the abilities of adults ## Footnote This age group shows advanced development in fine motor skills.
33
How do fine motor skills change in middle and late adulthood?
Undergo some decline ## Footnote Aging can affect the precision and speed of fine motor tasks.
34
What method is used to determine infants' visual preferences?
Present infants with 2 or more items at once.
35
How is the visual preference of infants measured?
By observing how long the infant looks at each display.
36
At what age do infants show visual preference?
Infants only 2 days old show visual preference.
37
Which stimuli do infants prefer to look at in order?
* Regular face * Pattern * Color * White disc
38
True or False: Infants prefer to look at colors more than patterns.
False
39
Fill in the blank: Infants prefer to look at _______ over patterns and colors.
[regular face]
40
What is habituation?
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus ## Footnote This concept explains how infants become less responsive to familiar stimuli over time.
41
What is dishabituation?
The recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation ## Footnote This indicates that an infant can regain interest when a new stimulus is introduced.
42
What method is used to study visual perception in infants?
Habituation & Dishabituation Method ## Footnote This method involves presenting infants with one item at a time to measure their responsiveness.
43
Fill in the blank: Habituation leads to _______ responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
decreased
44
Fill in the blank: Dishabituation indicates the _______ of a habituated response.
recovery
45
True or False: Habituation occurs only with new stimuli.
False ## Footnote Habituation is specifically related to the decreased response to familiar stimuli.
46
What happens during dishabituation?
An infant shows renewed interest in a stimulus after a change in stimulation ## Footnote This process is crucial for understanding how infants differentiate between stimuli.
47
Describe the process of habituation.
Infants are presented with a stimulus repeatedly, leading to a decrease in attention over time.
48
How does dishabituation differ from habituation?
Dishabituation involves a renewed response to a stimulus due to a change, while habituation is a decrease in response due to familiarity.
49
What is the main focus of the study conducted by Rong Huang and Tianlin Wang?
Investigates how maternal education and work status are associated with infants' word learning ability and vocabulary size
50
What age group of infants was studied in this research?
24-month-old infants
51
What task did the infants complete to assess their novel word learning ability?
Lab-based mutual exclusivity task
52
What method did caregivers use to report infants' productive vocabulary size?
MCDIs (MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories)
53
Was there any evidence found for an association between infants' productive vocabulary size and maternal education?
No evidence found
54
Was there any evidence found for an association between infants' productive vocabulary size and maternal work status?
No evidence found
55
How was infants' novel word learning ability related to maternal factors?
Significantly related to both maternal education and work status
56
How did the positive association between maternal education and word learning performance differ for infants of working mothers?
Attenuated for infants of part-time and full-time working mothers compared to infants with at-home mothers
57
What do the findings suggest about real-time measures in the context of infant language development?
They may better capture developmental differences in infants
58
True or False: The study found a strong correlation between maternal factors and infants' vocabulary size.
False
59
Fill in the blank: The study investigates the interactive role of maternal _______ and education level.
work status
60
What are the three categories of maternal work status mentioned in the study?
* Stay-at-home * Part-time * Full-time
61
What does the study expand our understanding of?
Maternal factors contributing to early language development
62
What were the dates of receipt, revision, and acceptance for the study?
* Received: 14 July 2022 * Revised: 20 December 2023 * Accepted: 01 January 2024
63
What is visual acuity?
Sharpness of vision
64
What tool is used to measure visual acuity in adults?
Snellen chart
65
What is considered normal visual acuity based on the Snellen chart?
20/20
66
What is the estimated visual acuity of a newborn?
20/240
67
What is the average visual acuity of an infant by 6 months of age?
20/40
68
By what age do infants' visual acuity reach that of adults?
1st birthday
69
What is the color vision capability of newborns?
Newborns can hardly distinguish among different colors ## Footnote This indicates limited visual perception at birth.
70
At what age can infants start to discriminate some colors?
Infants 8 weeks old can discriminate some colors ## Footnote This marks a significant development in visual perception.
71
What color preferences do infants show at 4 months old?
Infants 4 months old show color preferences similar to those of adults, such as preferring saturated colors ## Footnote This suggests that color perception is closely related to adult visual experiences.
72
What is depth perception?
The ability to perceive the distance and depth of objects in the environment ## Footnote Depth perception is crucial for understanding spatial relationships.
73
At what age do infants develop perception of depth?
As early as 2-4 months ## Footnote This development is observed through various experiments, including the visual cliff experiment.
74
What experiment is used to study depth perception in infants?
Visual cliff experiment ## Footnote This experiment tests whether infants will crawl over a perceived 'cliff' when coaxed by their mothers.
75
In the visual cliff experiment, what do researchers observe?
Whether infants crawl over the deep side when coaxed ## Footnote The response of infants indicates their understanding of depth perception.
76
True or False: Infants do not develop depth perception until after 6 months.
False ## Footnote Infants develop depth perception much earlier, as early as 2-4 months.
77
What is cataracts?
A thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted. ## Footnote Cataracts can significantly impair visual clarity and may require surgical intervention for correction.
78
What is glaucoma?
Damage to the optic nerve caused by pressure created from a buildup of fluid in the eye. ## Footnote Glaucoma is often associated with increased intraocular pressure and can lead to vision loss if not treated.
79
What is macular degeneration?
A disease that causes deterioration of the macula of the retina, affecting the center of the visual field. ## Footnote Macular degeneration is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.
80
What happens to the field of vision in glaucoma?
The field of vision is decreased. ## Footnote This can lead to tunnel vision or loss of peripheral vision over time.
81
True or False: Cataracts make vision clearer.
False ## Footnote Cataracts cause vision to become cloudy and distorted.
82
Fill in the blank: Macular degeneration affects the _______ of the retina.
macula ## Footnote The macula is responsible for central vision, making its deterioration particularly impactful.
83
What are the three main diseases that impair vision mentioned?
* Cataracts * Glaucoma * Macular degeneration ## Footnote These conditions can significantly affect visual perception and quality of life.
84
When can a fetus start to hear?
At 33-34 weeks after conception ## Footnote This is the prenatal period when auditory capabilities begin to develop.
85
What can a baby recognize after birth?
Dad's voice ## Footnote This indicates early auditory recognition and bonding.
86
At what age does loudness perception reach adult levels?
5-10 years of age ## Footnote This reflects the developmental stages of auditory processing in children.
87
How does pitch sensitivity change during infancy?
Less sensitive to low pitched sounds ## Footnote This includes sounds like infant-directed speech.
88
When does the ability to localize sounds improve?
In the first 2 years of life ## Footnote Localization skills develop significantly during early childhood.
89
What auditory condition is common in adolescence?
Excellent hearing ## Footnote However, exposure to loud sounds can lead to hearing problems.
90
What risk is associated with listening to loud sounds during adolescence?
Development of hearing problems ## Footnote This can occur from activities like using headphones to listen to loud music.
91
At what age does hearing start to decline in adulthood?
By the age of 40 ## Footnote This marks the beginning of age-related hearing loss.
92
Which type of sound sensitivity declines first with aging?
Sensitivity to high-pitched sounds ## Footnote Low-pitched sounds are retained longer.
93
What percentage of adults 70 years and older have hearing loss?
63% ## Footnote This statistic highlights the prevalence of hearing loss in older adults.
94
At what age can newborns start to differentiate odors?
Newborns can differentiate odors.
95
When does sensitivity to odors typically start to decline?
As early as the 20s.
96
How does sensitivity to odors change across the decades of life?
Declines continue through each subsequent decade of life into the 90s.
97
When do most people begin to notice a decrease in sensitivity to odors?
Beginning in the 60s.
98
Fill in the blank: Sensitivity to odors declines through each subsequent decade of life into the _______.
90s.
99
True or False: Sensitivity to odors remains constant throughout life.
False.
100
At what age do babies start showing different facial expressions in response to tastes?
2 days of age ## Footnote This indicates that taste responses are innate and can be observed early in life.
101
How does taste sensitivity change with age?
Taste sensitivity declines in older adults ## Footnote This decline leads older adults to prefer highly seasoned foods.
102
What do older adults do to compensate for diminished taste and smell?
Prefer highly seasoned foods ## Footnote This preference is a common adaptation to changes in sensory perception.
103
What is the primary response of neonate infants to sweet tastes?
Facial expressions indicating preference ## Footnote Research by Steiner (1977) highlights the connection between taste and facial expressions in infants.
104
What is the main focus of student-centered learning?
Allowing children time and opportunities to explore the world independently ## Footnote Encourages self-directed learning to foster cognitive development.
105
Define acceleration in the context of learning.
Providing challenging problems and puzzles to advance thinking from basic to more complex levels ## Footnote Aimed at enhancing cognitive skills.
106
What does accommodation mean in educational psychology?
Relating new information to existing knowledge systems (schemas) to integrate new experiences effectively ## Footnote Utilizes Piaget's concepts of assimilation and accommodation.
107
What are Piagetian stages?
Distinct developmental stages through which children progress ## Footnote Acknowledges variability in age ranges due to cultural and social factors.
108
What does Vygotsky emphasize in cognitive development?
The importance of social interaction and adult guidance (scaffolding) ## Footnote Highlights continuous cognitive development influenced by cultural and social contexts.
109
How do cultural values impact educational outcomes?
Cultural values significantly impact educational outcomes, such as emphasis on mathematics in different countries ## Footnote Example: Russian and Chinese contexts.
110
What is scaffolding in education?
Gradual reduction of support as children develop independent skills ## Footnote Initial support is extensive, transitioning to increased independence.
111
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
Tasks that children can perform with assistance but not independently ## Footnote Promotes optimal learning.
112
What role does language play in cognitive development?
Reorganizing thoughts and guiding behavior ## Footnote Development of private speech helps with self-regulation.
113
What is private speech in children?
A tool for self-regulation and thought organization ## Footnote Transitions from external dialogue to internalized speech as children mature.
114
How do current education systems reflect Piaget's theories?
They reflect the four stages proposed by Piaget, with age-related expectations ## Footnote Seen in daycare, elementary, and middle school.
115
What are some recommendations for educators?
Integrate self-exploration and student-centered learning strategies, provide scaffolding, incorporate culturally relevant materials ## Footnote Enhances engagement and comprehension.
116
What should parents do to support cognitive development?
Engage in intentional interactions and encourage private speech and self-regulation techniques ## Footnote Supports children's cognitive and language development.
117
What challenges exist in validating Vygotsky's theories?
Limitations due to Vygotsky’s early death and challenges in empirical validation through scientific methods ## Footnote Led to delayed recognition of his work.
118
What are practical applications of blending Piaget and Vygotsky's theories?
Implement supportive assistance in educational activities, organize skill development in collaborative settings ## Footnote Emphasizes the role of cultural context in learning.
119
True or False: Vygotsky's theories are easily validated through scientific methods.
False ## Footnote There are challenges in empirically validating his theories.
120
Fill in the blank: The emphasis on _______ and adult guidance can enhance cognitive development.
[scaffolding] ## Footnote Important for creating a balanced educational framework.
121
What should educational systems do regarding curricula?
Adapt curricula to reflect diverse cultural values and cognitive development theories ## Footnote Offers training for educators on scaffolding and culturally responsive teaching methods.

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