Exam 4

Question 1

What are the primary emotions that appear within the first 6 months of life?

Answer 1

Joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, and surprise.

Question 2

What is a reflexive smile?

Answer 2

A smile that appears in the first month, not in response to stimuli.

Question 3

What is a social smile?

Answer 3

A smile that appears around 6–8 weeks in response to external stimuli.

Question 4

When does stranger anxiety typically begin and peak?

Answer 4

Begins around 6 months, peaks at 9–12 months.

Question 5

When does separation anxiety typically start and peak?

Answer 5

Starts around 7–8 months, peaks at 13–15 months.

Question 6

What are self-conscious emotions?

Answer 6

Guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride.

Question 7

When do self-conscious emotions begin to develop?

Answer 7

After 18 months with self-awareness.

Question 8

What is social referencing?

Answer 8

Reading emotional cues from others to decide how to act.

Question 9

What are display rules?

Answer 9

Culturally determined rules about how and when to express emotions.

Question 10

What characterizes adolescent emotional development?

Answer 10

Mood swings, increased emotional complexity, improving regulation.

Question 11

What characterizes older adult emotional development?

Answer 11

Greater positivity and regulation, preference for meaningful experiences.

Question 12

What is socioemotional selectivity theory?

Answer 12

Older adults prioritize meaningful relationships and goals due to time perspective.

Question 13

What are the three types of temperament according to Chess & Thomas?

Answer 13

• Easy: Positive mood, regular routines. * Difficult: Negative reactions, irregular routines. * Slow-to-Warm-Up: Low activity, somewhat negative.

Question 14

What are Kagan’s two types of temperament?

Answer 14

• Inhibited/Shy: Withdraws from new stimuli. * Uninhibited/Sociable: Approaches new situations with ease.

Question 15

What are the four phases of attachment according to Bowlby?

Answer 15

• Birth–2 months: Indiscriminate social responses. * 2–7 months: Preference for familiar people. * 7–24 months: Clear attachment, separation anxiety. * 24+ months: Goal-corrected partnerships.

Question 16

What are the types of attachment identified by Ainsworth?

Answer 16

• Secure: Comforted by caregiver return. * Avoidant: Avoids caregiver. * Resistant: Angry upon return. * Disorganized: Confused, fearful.

Question 17

What characteristics define a secure attachment caregiver?

Answer 17

Responsive, sensitive.

Question 18

What outcomes are associated with secure attachment?

Answer 18

• Better relationships. * Emotional regulation. * Self-esteem.

Question 19

At what age does infant self-recognition begin?

Answer 19

Around 4 months.

Question 20

When do infants recognize their caregivers?

Answer 20

By 18 months.

Question 21

What is the developmental timeline comparison for self-recognition and other-recognition?

Answer 21

Self-recognition starts at 4 months, while other-recognition starts at 18 months.

Question 22

What is the mirror self-recognition test?

Answer 22

Begins around 18–24 months; children touch their own face when seeing a mark in the mirror.

Question 23

How does self-understanding evolve from early childhood to adulthood?

Answer 23

• Early Childhood: Concrete traits. * Middle/Late Childhood: Social comparison, psychological traits. * Adolescence: Abstract, idealistic, fluctuating. * Adulthood: Reflective, integrated with life experience.

Question 24

What is unrealistic positive overestimation in children?

Answer 24

Children overestimate their abilities.

Question 25

What are the three types of self concepts?

Answer 25

* Real Self: Current identity. * Ideal Self: Who they want to be. * Possible Selves: Potential future selves.

Question 26

What is life review?

Answer 26

Reflecting on life events to derive meaning, common in late adulthood.

Question 27

What are the Big Five personality traits?

Answer 27

* Openness. * Conscientiousness. * Extraversion. * Agreeableness. * Neuroticism.

Question 28

How do the Big Five traits change across the lifespan?

Answer 28

* Openness: Increases then stabilizes. * Conscientiousness: Increases with age. * Extraversion: Slight decline. * Agreeableness: Increases with age. * Neuroticism: Decreases.

Question 29

What outcomes are associated with high conscientiousness?

Answer 29

Better health and achievement.

Question 30

What is Piaget's heteronomous morality stage characterized by?

Answer 30

Fixed rules and a focus on consequences.

Question 31

What is immanent justice?

Answer 31

Belief that wrongdoing is automatically punished.

Question 32

What are Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Answer 32

* Preconventional: 1. Obedience & punishment, 2. Individualism & exchange. * Conventional: 3. Good interpersonal relationships, 4. Law & order. * Postconventional: 5. Social contract, 6. Universal ethical principles.

Question 33

What method did Kohlberg use to assess moral reasoning?

Answer 33

Used moral dilemmas like the Heinz dilemma.

Question 34

What is the difference between altruism and reciprocity?

Answer 34

* Altruism: Helping without expecting return. * Reciprocity: Helping with mutual benefit.

Question 35

What changes in children's sharing and fairness understanding from preschool to older childhood?

Answer 35

* Preschool: Self-interest. * Older children: Fairness and empathy.

Question 36

What factors contribute to prosocial behavior across development?

Answer 36

Increases with empathy, cognitive growth, and social understanding.

Question 37

What does research suggest about innate bias and prejudice in infants?

Answer 37

Infants prefer those who resemble them.

Question 38

What is in-group bias?

Answer 38

Favoring those similar to us and judging others more harshly.

Question 39

How do young children equate fairness?

Answer 39

With equality, while older children understand equity and context.