chapter 5

Question 1

unconditioned response (UR) (definition and person)

Answer 1

automatic, natural response, WITHOUT prior learning or conditioning, pavlov

Question 2

conditioned stimulus (CS) (definition and person)

Answer 2

over time stimulates a response after being associated with unconditioned stimulus (US), classical conditioning, Pavlov

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 3

naturally and automatically triggers a response WITHOUT prior learning. In Pavlov’s experiment the food is the (US) because it naturally makes the dogs salivate.

Question 4

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 4

learned reaction to previously neutral stimulus that has since become associated with unconditioned stimulus, classical conditioning. EX. the pairing of the bell when the dogs saw the food

Question 5

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) ________.

Answer 5

unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Thorndike was known for his work with ________

Answer 6

puzzle box

Question 7

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

Answer 7

regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur.

Question 8

What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?

Answer 8

punishment

Question 9

fixed ratio

Answer 9

all about actions. reward comes after a set number of actions. ex. you get a reward after completing 10 tasks

Question 10

fixed interval

Answer 10

rewards based on fixed amount of TIME. rewards comes after the time, doesn’t matter how many times the desired behavior occurs during that time.

Question 11

variable ratio

Answer 11

reinforcement is given after an unpredictable amount of responses.

Question 12

variable interval

Answer 12

reinforcement is given after an unpredictable AMOUNT OF TIME has passed, regardless of number of responses.

Question 13

Thorndike- who was he?

Answer 13

developed the law of effect, puzzle box experiment. worked with animals in his experiments

Question 14

insight learning

Answer 14

“aha” moment or SUDDEN understanding

Question 15

latent learning

Answer 15

learning under the surface, later learning meaning it may not become evident until needed

Question 16

observational learning theory (who and what)

Answer 16

A- attention

R- retention

R- reproduction

M- motivation

Bandura

also known as the social learning theory

Question 17

positive reinforcer

Answer 17

something that increases the likelihood of a certain behavior ex. teacher handing out a gold star

Question 18

negative reinforcer

Answer 18

REMOVING something unpleasant to INCREASE the likelihood that the action will happen again

Question 19

classical conditioning (who and what)

Answer 19

Pavlov, involuntary and automatic response, natural

Question 20

operant conditioning (who and what)

Answer 20

B.F. Skinner, voluntary BEHAVIORS shaped by rewards or punishment

Question 21

stimulus adaptation

Answer 21

sensory receptors become less sensitive to constant or unchanging stimuli over time

Question 22

response generalization

Answer 22

individual produces behavior similar to original but not identical

Question 23

stimulus generalization

Answer 23

response to similar but not identical stimulation

Question 24

discriminative stimulus

Answer 24

stimulus that tells the organism what kind of consequence is going to happen if it performs a certain action

Question 25

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ________.

Answer 25

the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS

Question 26

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

Answer 26

fixed ratio schedule

Question 27

Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called ________.

Answer 27

the learning/performance distinction

Question 28

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the:

Answer 28

unconditioned stimulus

Question 29

Some of the simplest and most basic learning that involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviors in the presence of well-defined stimuli is:

Answer 29

conditioning