Chapter 5

Question 0

True-breeding

Answer 0

An organism that produces offspring identical in appearance to itself, generation after generation

Question 1

Trait

Answer 1

A specific characteristic or feature exhibited by an organism

Question 2

Cross-fertilization

Answer 2

The fertilization of a female gamete from one organism with the male gamete of another

Question 3

Parent Generation

P Gen.

Answer 3

Organisms that are initially crossed and are usually true breeding

Question 4

First Filial Generation

F1 Gen.

Answer 4

The offspring of a cross of P generation

Question 5

Second Filial Generation

F2 Gen.

Answer 5

The offspring of a cross between the F1 Gen.

Question 6

Hybrid

Answer 6

Offspring that result from crossing two true breeding varieties of the same species

Question 7

Monohybrid

Answer 7

The offspring produced from parents that differ in just one trait

Question 8

Monohybrid cross

Answer 8

A cross of two individuals that differ by one trait

Question 9

Allele

Answer 9

A specific form of a gene

Question 10

Dominant

Answer 10

The form of a trait that always appears when an individual has an alley for it

Question 11

Recessive

Answer 11

The form of a trait that only appears when an individual has two alleles for it

Question 12

Homozygous

Answer 12

having two identical alleles for a trait

Question 13

Genotype

Answer 13

The combination of alleles for any given trait or the genetic make-up for an organism

Question 14

Phenotype

Answer 14

The physical traits of an organism

Question 15

Punnett square

Answer 15

A grid used to illustrate all possible genotype a and phenotypes of offspring from genetic crosses

Question 16

Test cross

Answer 16

A cross between a parent of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive parent

Question 17

Dihybrid

Answer 17

The offspring produced from parents that differ in two traits

Question 18

Dihybrid cross

Answer 18

A cross of two individuals that differ in two traits due to two different genes

Question 19

Who was Gregor Mendel

Answer 19

1850 Austrian monk experimented with inheritance and genes

Question 20

What plant did Mendel use

Answer 20

Peas in monastery garden

Question 21

Mendel’s hypothesis

Answer 21

Parents pass down separate and distinct factors to offspring and those factors are responsible for hereditary traits

Question 22

How many traits did Mendel experiment with

Answer 22

7 in two distinguishable forms

Question 23

What was the pea family tree recorded as

Answer 23

The P gen crossed gave F1 gen (Monohybrid cross)

Question 24

What were the first traits crossed

Answer 24

Green and yellow peasa

Question 25

What happened when the green and yellow peas were crossed?

Answer 25

Green disappeared, there were only yellow peas in the F1 gen

Question 26

For all 7 traits Mendel noticed Monohybrid crosses expressed _____

Answer 26

Only one form of the traits (dominant trait)

Question 27

When the F1 gen was crossed to form the ____ what was produced

Answer 27

F2 (yellow peas) | There was a 3 to 1 ratio of yellow to green peas, although green disappeared in F1 gen, it resurfaced in F2 gen

Question 28

3:1 ratio is refered to as

Answer 28

The Mendelian ratio

Question 29

Who is referred to as the Father of Genetics

Answer 29

Gregor Mendel

Question 30

What was Mendel's First Law

Answer 30

The Law of Segregation

Question 31

What does the law of segregation state?

Answer 31

Traits are determined by pairs of alleles that segregate during meiosis so each gamete recurve some alleles

Question 32

Why was the F1 gen in Mendel's experiment one colour?

Answer 32

One allele for colour is dominant over the other recessive allele. Yellow over green

Question 33

How is the trait in offspring determined

Answer 33

By which allele that's inherited is dominant or recessive

Question 34

How are dominant and recessive alleles written

Answer 34

Upper case YY | Lower case Yy

Question 35

Heterozygous

Answer 35

Having two different alleles for a trait

Question 36

What are the possible genotypse for a dominant trait

Answer 36

YY | Yy

Question 37

What is the genotype for a recessive trait

Answer 37

Yy

Question 38

Who made the Punnett square and why

Answer 38

Reginald Punnett to help analyze the results of crosses

Question 39

What can the Punnett square be used for

Answer 39

Predicting the phenotypes and genotypes of offspring in genetic crosses

Question 40

Mendel also looked at inheritance patterns of two traits, called

Answer 40

Dihybrid crosses

Question 41

On searching of a trait impacts another what law did Mendel come up with

Answer 41

His second law of independent assortment

Question 42

What did Mendel's second law say

Answer 42

If genes are located on separate chromosomes they will be inherited independently of each other

Question 43

Incomplete dominance

Answer 43

Neither allele is dominant but both influence rendering partial expression of both white and red become pink

Question 44

Codominance

Answer 44

Both alleles are expressed fully produces offspring of a 3rd type intermingled some white and red hair

Question 45

Blood types AB are ____ and A B O are _____

Answer 45

Codominant | Dominant

Question 46

``` Genotypes for types of blood A B AB I ```

Answer 46

I^A I^A, I^A i I^B I^B, I^B i I^A I^B ii

Question 47

Linked genes

Answer 47

Genes that are inherited together due to placement on the same chromosome, they do not sort independently also sex chromosomes #23

Question 48

Is unlinking linked genes possible

Answer 48

Only if crossing over occurs during gamete formation

Question 49

Sex linked gene

Answer 49

Any gene located on the X or Y chromosome

Question 50

X ______ and Y _______ genes

Answer 50

Linked

Question 51

Sex linked traits

Answer 51

Traits controlled by X-linked and Y linked genes many are genetic disorders red green colorblindness, hemophilia

Question 52

Pedigree

Answer 52

Type of flowchart uses symbols to show inheritance patterns of treats in the family over many generations

Question 53

Geneticists use pedigrees why

Answer 53

To show how traits controlled by a single gene or multiple genes run through familyuseful for predicting disease in a family line