Evolution Unit

Question 0

Organisms that survive are able to pass along to their

Answer 0

Offspring the genetic information that allowed them to survive

Question 1

Organisms constantly faced environmental challenges severe weather competition for space this

Answer 1

Limits their ability to survive

Question 2

Those that don’t survive become

Answer 2

Extinct and disappear completely from the earth

Question 3

Survival of species depends on the species

Answer 3

Ability to adapt

Question 4

Adaptions

Answer 4

Structures behaviors or physiological processes that help an organism survive and reproduce in its environment
Camouflage hibernation for the structure mimicry

Question 5

How do adaptions develop

Answer 5

Adaptions are result of gradual accumulative changes that help an organism survive and reproduce
Possible because variation exists within a population

Question 6

Variation

Answer 6

Differences between individuals which may be structural functional or physiological
Not all variations become adaptions

Question 7

Environmental conditions

Answer 7

Determine whether a variation in an individual has a positive negative or no effect on the individuals ability to survive and reproduce

Question 8

If an individual possesses a helpful variation

Answer 8

They are more likely to Survive which allows them to pass this variation to their offspring the variation becomes a trait of the population

Question 9

What causes variation in a species

Answer 9

Variations and individual genes
species having different alleles
expression of alleles pass on
variation in a population from variation of genes

Question 10

Why does genetic variation occur

Answer 10

Mutations caused by errors in DNA copying (interphase) to cells that are exposed to mutagens such as chemicals (dioxin) or radiation (UV)

Question 11

Mutations

Answer 11

Permanent change in genetic material of an organism

Question 12

Are mutations good bad or neutral

Answer 12

They can be all three
most cases mutations are harmful to both cells and organisms (cancer and genetic disorders) if the mutation occurs in a somatic cell it will disappear from population when the organism dies if it occurs in a gamete than it can be passed on in the population

Question 13

Selective breeding of wild cabbage Brucic a Allaire Seiyu has produced the following plants

Answer 13

Kohlrabi selected for stem
brussels sprouts for lateral buds cabbage terminal bud 
cauliflower sterile flower 
broccoli for stem And flowers 
kale large leaves 
ornamental cabbage colour

Question 14

It took ____ years six Main veggies have been produced from one species of plant from selective breeding

Answer 14

2500

Question 15

Artificial selection

Answer 15

Did you miss Acacian of animals and plants provided humans with a variety of foods over the centuries

Question 16

Artificial selection

Answer 16

Controlled breathing in which individuals that exhibit a particular trait or chosen as parents for the next generation

Question 17

What is the ancestor of the dog

Answer 17

Canis lupus Wolf was one of the earliest animals to be domesticated all modern breeds of dogs are descendent from wolves

Question 18

What is the idea of selective breeding

Answer 18

In plants a specific trait is selected.
the seeds are then kept from the best plants that exhibit wanted traits, this continues for many generations until the desired version of the trade is achieved

Question 19

Downside of artificial selection

Answer 19

Reduces the genetic diversity of the population
when specific traits are favored alleles for other traits are reduced or eliminated
Favoured traits may be linked to alleles that are detrimental which can lead to genetic disorders

Question 20

Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 20

Causes bloody cough and chest pain almost wiped out in 1970s intense 6 to 9 month course of four different antibiotics bacterium have been selectively bred to resist antibiotics all strains that were susceptible been killed off leaving survivors resistant which then breed

Question 21

Staphylococcus Aureus

Answer 21

Found on human skin can cause pneumonia and meningitis MRSA resists the antibiotic methicillin selective breeding the survivors continue

Question 22

Charles Darwin

Answer 22

Leaves on December 1831 trip boat called HMS Beagle for 2 years goal to observe and record and collect specimens 4000 pages of detailed observations took five not two years Galápagos Islands believes in need ability before trip comes back on sure puts book together 20 years on origin of species by means of natural selection

Question 23

On the origins of Beasheas by means of natural selection

Answer 23

Published in 1859 but contained evidence that species had volt Darwin proposed the theory as to how by process of natural selection first person to suggest a mechanism for how evolution occurred Siri was based on five key observations two logical inferences

Question 24

Natural selection

Answer 24

The way in which nature favors the reproductive success of some individuals within a population over others

Question 25

Five key observations by Darwin

Answer 25

1 in each generation populations produce more offspring than there are adults 2 populations don't continue to grow in size 3 food and many other resources are limited 4 individuals within all populations very 5 many variations are inheritable

Question 26

Two inferences by Darwin

Answer 26

123 individuals within a population compete for resources | 45 some individuals will inherit characteristics that give them a better chance of surviving and reproducing

Question 27

Darwin's thesis theory of natural selection

Answer 27

overtime the population changes as advantageous harridans characteristics become more common generation after generation

Question 28

immutability

Answer 28

Long-standing believe for centuries this species could not change and had not changed

Question 29

In the 15th century

Answer 29

Although religion and philosophy influenced Human's understanding of the natural world when science became of age many questioned the concept of immutability

Question 30

Comte (Count) de Buffon

Answer 30

Challenged the idea of the immutability by studying animal anatomy and physiology proposed that species did change over time

Question 31

Jean-Baptist Lamarck

Answer 31

Proposed three ideas all species evolve overtime species evolves in response to its environment and becomes better adapted to that environment changes are passed on from one generation to another

Question 32

Georges Cuvier

Answer 32

Credited with developing the scientific investigation of prehistoric life to the study of fossils paleontology believed in in mutability noted that fossils of simple organisms are found throughout fossil deposits while complex organisms were found in shallower deposits proposed theory of catastrophism which states globalcatastrophes floods cause extinction of species and that the species were replaced by new ones

Question 33

Charles Lyell

Answer 33

Father of modern geology proposed theory of uniformitarianism states the geologic changes are slow and gradual have not changed over time not only did he disagree with Cuvier but he believed the earth was very old not young

Question 34

Ideas of natural selection

Answer 34

Descent with modification common descent

Question 35

Common descent

Answer 35

Difference in offspring from each other and parents

Question 36

Common descent

Answer 36

All things are related born from base species or organism

Question 37

Evidences for evolution

Answer 37

``` Darwin provided evidence for his theory some of which included 1 biogeography 2 fossil record 3 homologous analogous 4 embryology 5 vestigial features ```

Question 38

Biogeography

Answer 38

Study of geographical distribution of organisms based on both living species in fossils animals found on islands often closely resemble animals found on the closest continents fossils of the same species can be found on the coastline of neighboring continents Pangaea goveluana Laurasia less than 1% of species in fossil record alive today although Darwin exam and fossils he was unable to find transitional fossils he felt that they would be found in future

Question 39

Fossil record

Answer 39

Fossil is any ancient remains impressions traces of an organism or or traces of that of its activity that have been preserved in rock can be formed in various ways refrigeration Mammoth in ice carbonization leaf imprint in coal casting footprint in mud mineralization bones and shells

Question 40

Homologous and analogous features

Answer 40

homologous-structure with a common evolutionary origin that may serve different functions in modern species by human seen bone structure different function in modern species human bat cat Analogous-structure that performs the same function as another but is not similar in origin or atomic structure bird insect wings

Question 41

Embryology

Answer 41

All embryos that are vertebrates look the same in early stages of development with the gill slits and a tail this suggests common ancestry with evolution modifying structures differently

Question 42

Vestigial features

Answer 42

-a rudimentary a nonfunctioning or only marginally functioning structure that is homologous to a fully functioning structure in a closely related species hipbones in Whales humans tonsils

Question 43

How old is the planet

Answer 43

6-10,000 years religious four .5 billion years

Question 44

Radiometric dating

Answer 44

A method used to age rocks by measuring the decay of radioisotopes in the rock age of fossils found in these rocks used

Question 45

Radioisotopes

Answer 45

Adams that undergo radioactive decay

Question 46

Parent isotopes

Answer 46

Original elements and they change into the new elements daughter isotope

Question 47

Half-life

Answer 47

Each isotope to Decay at its own rate this is measured in the unit called half-life Amount of time it takes for half of the parent isotope sample to decay into the daughter isotope

Question 48

Examples of elements used in radiometric dating

Answer 48

U235 PB 207 713 million years K 48 Ar40 1 .3 billion C14 N14 5730 Uranium 238 first element used K 40 most common element in rocks used extensively C14 used for measuring age of organic materials only

Question 49

Determining amount of parent isotope

Answer 49

Measuring amount of daughter isotope in sample comparing it to amount of original sample deduce age of sample

Question 50

Radiometric dating assumptions

Answer 50

1 decay is constant overtime 2 decay is not affected by heat 3 decay is not affected by pressure 4 elements do not migrate out of rocks overtime 5 amount of daughter isotope can be determined in original sample Some discrepancies associated vast majority of scientists consider it accurate and reliable