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biology 11 > Genetics Unit > Flashcards

Genetics Unit Flashcards

(55 cards)

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0
Q

Hereditary

A

The passing of traits from parents to offspring

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1
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of hereditary and variation

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2
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

DNA

A

A molecule that carries genetic info. for cells makes up a chromosome

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4
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNASE that codes for a particular trait

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5
Q

Locus

A

The location of a gene on a chromosome

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, vary in shape, size and number between species usually consistent within species.

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7
Q

Chromosomes occur in sets, diploid and haploid mean

A

Cells have two sets of chromosomes (2N), and have half the no. of Chrom. (N)

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8
Q

Polypoid

A

Cells have 3+ sets of Chrom.

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9
Q

Cells alternate between phases of

A

Dividing and not dividing

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10
Q

The cell cycle refers to the______ from one division to another

A

Sequence of events

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11
Q

Cell division includes

A

Mitosis, cytokinesis and interphase

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12
Q

Interphase

A

Takes up most of the cells life, cell gathers nutrients and grows, to divide, the genetic material must be replicated, chromosomes in this form are long and thin. At end of interphase, the centromere attaches the sis chroms

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13
Q

Chromatin

A

Genetic material is made up of DNA strands, double sets of chromosomes attached at centromere are sister chromatids

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

Process ensures each new cell has chromatin, made up of 4 stages prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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15
Q

Prophase

A

Chromes become short and thick, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles move to poles of cell, form spindle fibres attach to centromeres

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16
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromes line up in equator

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17
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres divide, spindle fibres contract and shorten, sis chromes separate and pulled to opp. poles of cell

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18
Q

Telophase

A

Complete set of chromes at each pole, single stranded chromes uncoil into thin strands of chromatin, spindle fibres dissolve, nuclear membrane reforms

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19
Q

Cytokenesis

A

Cytoplasm and organelles separate, two daughter cells are formed, in many protists, fungi and animal cells, the cell pinches into two parts, in plants a cell wall or plate separates the two parts

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20
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

A process that produces genetic variety, offspring inherit genetic info from both parents, and differ genetically from them and each other, offspring receive a complete set of genetic instructions or genes from both parents, each Chrom from one parent is matched by the other, paired chroms are called homologous pairs

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21
Q

Gamete formation

A

Gametes are haploid sex cells, includes sperm and egg cells, produced by meiosis

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22
Q

Fertilization

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A

Joining together or fission of two gametes, new cell called zygote, which is diploid

23
Q

Homologous pairs

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A

Matching pairs of chroms, similar size and carrying info for the same genes

24
Meiosis
Two stage cell division, the daughter cells have half the no of Chrom.s as the parents, used to form gametes, uses two divisions, produce 4 haploid cells. Allows for genetic variation in a pop. Achieved by crossing over homologous pairs exchange DNASE
25
Meiosis I
Reduction division uses diploid chrom that's reduced to haploid
26
Meiosis II
Chrom unchanged but total no increases to 4, very similar to. It's is
27
Prophase I
Sis chroms joined at centromere, chroms short and thick, exchange DNA, cross over, nuclear membrane dissolve, sis chroms find homologous pairs form tetrad, synapsids when sis Chrom intertwine
28
Metaphase I
Tetrad line up in equator
29
Anaphase I
Homologous Chrom pulled to opp. Ends by spindle fibres, reduction division b/c sis Chrom from each homologous pairs found in new daughter cells
30
Telophase I
Nuclear membrane reforms, cell starts to divide, cells are haploid
31
Prophase II
Nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibres form
32
Metaphase II
Sis chroms line up along equator
33
Anaphase II
Sis chroms separate to poles, nuclear membrane reforms, chromatids are chromosomes
34
Telophase II
Cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells produced, haploid
35
Gametogenesis
Meiosis in animals happens in testes and ovaries,def. the formation of sex cells in meiosis, sex cells are haploid are produced by meiosis, spermatogenesis produces sperm cells, loge ness forms egg cells, makes gametes, in gonads
36
Oogenesis
One of the daughter cells gets most of cytoplasm, others, polar bodies die off final product one egg
37
Spermatogenesis
Cytoplasm divided equally, four equal sized sperm cells produced, each cell is small, streamlined for max motility.
38
Why are there more sperm then egg cells
Male and female gametes must be diff, for sperm to swim long way, and egg to have enough nutrients to sustain life
39
Karyotes
A picture of chromes that have been arranged according to no., size, shape, or some other characteristic
40
Chromosomal abnormalities
During meiosis errors may occur, most die, but some live and cause serious problems
41
Two types of chromosomal error
Changes in chromosomal structure and change in chromosomal number
42
Chrom structure 4 types of errors
Deletion, addition, inversion, translocation ( no. 3 Chrom part on Chrom 4)
43
Change in Chrom no.
When homologous pairs don't separate correctly; non-disjunction, can occur in anaphase I and II
44
Random assortment of homologous pairs
Metaphase I chroms line up in equator, depending on line up, many diff combos can be found in gametes, random assortment, no. Of diff ways chroms can line up, no. of combos determined by no. of chroms, only diploid , 2N^2, each human 8,388,608 possible combos
45
Non-disjunction
Monosomy, missing a Chrom, trisomy, extra Chrom
46
Down syndrome
Extra Chrom 21 ,Short neck, extra skin at back of neck, flattened facial profile and nose, small head, ears and mouth, upward slanting eyes, young adults have mental age of 8
47
Patau syndrome
Extra Chrom 13, causes multiple organ defects, especially heart, cleft palate, overlapping fingers over thumb
48
Edwards syndrome
Extra Chrom 18, structural heart defects, developmental delays, growth deficiency
49
Klleinfelter syndrome
Extra X Chrom plu X and Y normal, Severe speech problem, intellectual disability, less testosterone
50
Turner syndrome
Partially or fully missing X Chrom in girls, heart abnormalities, brittle bones, learning disabilities
51
Cloning
Process of making an organism genetically identical by non-sexual means ( same age starting as sample). Plants can be made faster, use less space, grown year round, mass production, of organisms with desired qualities, first cloned mammal dolly the sheep
52
In vitro fertilization
Egg fertilized by sperm outside of body, used with cattle, other large animals to increase reproduction speed, helps breed large no. of animals and speeds up gene pool diversity
53
Recombinant DNASE
DNASE created by combining 2+ species forms artificial DNA, improves crops, created insect and herbicide resistant plants
54
Artificial insemination
Introduction of sperm into cervix or uterus using artificial insemination device, used for animal breeding sheep, horses, pigs

biology 11 (10 decks)

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