Chapter 5 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
What is the most common type of cancer in males
A
Prostate 33%
2
Q
What is the most common type of cancer in females
A
Breast Cancer 31%
3
Q
What cancer is most likely to cause death in both males and females
A
Lung and Bronchus cancer
4
Q
What is the difference between Remission and Cure
A
Cure = No more cancerous cells Remission = Canacer has subsided but unknown if all the cancerous cells are gone
5
Q
What is Neoplasia
A
New Growth AKA tumor
6
Q
What are the features of a Neoplasia
A
Autonomous growth Independent of growth inhibition Evasion of cell death Limitless replication angiogenesis Adnormal metabolis
7
Q
What causes Neoplasia to arrise
A
Dysfunction of cellular growth regulation
8
Q
What are non-modifiable risks for cancer
A
Age
genetics
“things you cant control”
9
Q
What are modifiable risks of cancer
A
Anything that can be controlled Obesity Excessive alcohol+animal fat Irradiation infections
10
Q
What are the two parts of a Tumor
A
Parenchyma
Stroma
11
Q
What is the Parenchyma of a Tumor
A
Transformed cells (neoplastic) Clonal
12
Q
What is the Stroma of a Tumor
A
Non-neoplastic portion
Supportive structure of tumor
13
Q
What part of the Tumor determines biological nature/agressivness
A
Parenchyma
14
Q
What are the two main types of Tumors
A
Benign
Malignant
15
Q
What is the nomenclature for a benign tumor
A
Cell type + oma
Fibroma, Chondroma
16
Q
what is an exception to the nomenclature for a benign tumor
A
Melanocytic nevus
17
Q
What are the features of a benign tumor
A
Localized
Relatively innocent
Can possibly: Vascular compression, hormone production
18
Q
what is a benign tumor of glandular tissue
A
Adenoma
19
Q
What is a benign tumor of capillary endothelia
A
Hemangioma
20
Q
What is a bening tumor of adipose tissue
A
Lipoma
21
Q
What is a benign smooth muscle tumor
A
Leiomyoma
22
Q
What is a malignant tumor also known as
A
Cancer
23
Q
What is metastasize
A
Spead/invade other tissues
24
Q
How are cancers named
A
Cell type + Sarcoma or Carcinoma
25
What will classify a cancer as a sarcoma
Derived from mesodermal tissue
| bone, Muscle, vasculature
26
What will classify a cancer as carcinomas
Derived from epithelial tissue
| organs
27
What will classify a cancer as a teratoma
Contains multiple germ cell layers
28
What classification of cancer develops at any age?
Sarcoma
29
WHat classification of cancer develops during mid-late adulthood
Carcinomas
30
What is the most common type of tumor classification
Carcinomas (90%)
31
What is Fibroadenoma
Benign tumor of the female brest
| Mixed tumor
32
What is a Hamartoma
Benign tumor tissue is native to individual site
33
What is a polyp
a mass that projects from the mucosal surface
34
What are the levels of Carcinoma progression
Dysplasia
Carcinoma in situ
Invasive Carcinoma
35
What is Dysplasia in reference to carcinoma
Disorderly proliferation
36
What is carcinoma in situ
Earyl Neoplasia
Localized
no penetration of basement membrane
37
What is invasive carcinoma
Local destruction
Penetration into basement membrane
likely to metastasize
38
What are the 4 characteristics of a cancer
Differentiation & anaplasia
Rate of growth
local invasiveness
metastasis
39
What is the differentiation difference between a normal cell and benign tumor
Normal: Completely differentiated, slow mitosis
Benign: Somewhat well-differentiated, decrease function
40
What is anaplasia
Loss of differentiation
41
What is associated with anaplasia
Severe loss of function
Pleomorphism
Increase of growth speed
42
What is pleomorphism
Various cell sizes/shapes
Less regulation
increase growth
potentialy malignant
43
How do benign tumors grow
Slow/controlled
44
How to malignant tumors grow
Fast/uncontrolled
45
How are growth speed and differentiation related
There is an inverse correlation
| differentiation decrease, speed increase
46
What type of tumor is likely to be encapsulated
Bening
Lack of capsule doesn't mean malignancy
47
What is a highly reliable tumor characteristic
whether it is localized of invading other tissues
48
What is metastasis
secondary implantation into remote tissue
49
What is the most reliable indicator of malignancy
Metastasis
50
Metastasis is most common among what type of tumors
Aggressive
high anaplasia
large size
51
What part of the tumor influences metastasis
The parenchyma
52
What are the three types of Dissemination
Seeding within body cavities
Lymphatic spread
Hematogenous spread
53
What does Seeding within body cavities pertaining to dissemination
Invasion of natural body cavities
54
What is lymphatic spread pertaining to dissemination
Most common mode of carcinoma metastasis
55
What determines lymphatic spread of a cancer
Site and tumor parenchyma
56
What is Hematogenous spread when pertaining to dissemination
Spread through blood
| Most common mode of sarcoma metastasis
57
What is the most common way for a carcinoma to spread
Lymphatic spread
58
What is the most common way for a sarcoma to spread
Hematogenous spread
59
What is Epidemiology
Study of heath/disease in population
60
What is the purpose of Epidemiology
to discover risk factors for a disease
| Sex, ethnicity, geography, lifestyle
61
What is the ultimate cause of cancer
Genetic alterations
| mutations, epigenetics
62
What age group has the most cancer related morality
55-75 years
63
When do most childhood cancers form
Under 15 years old (10%)
64
What are the most common children cancers
```
Leukemia
Lymphomas
Retinoblastomas
Neuroblastoma
Osteosarcoma
```
65
What are the three categories of hereditary cancer
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
Familial cancer of uncertain inheritance
66
What is autosomal dominant cancer caused by
A single inherited mutant allele
67
What is autosomal recessive cancer caused by
2 altered alleles due to genomic instability
Ex. Xeroderma pigmentosa
68
What is Xeroderma pigmentosa
Sensitivity to UV
| Highly susceptible to melanoma
69
What is Familial cancer
Cancer that has some familial association
2 or more close relatives
early onset
bilateral
70
What are some types of familial cancer
```
Colon
Breast
Prostate
Brain
Ovarian
```
71
what is preneoplastic lesions
"pre-cancer"
| Increase cancer risk but most do not develop
72
What can cause preneoplastic lesions
Acquired lesions
Chronic tissue injury
Inflammation
dysplasia, metaplasia
73
What cancers are associated with these preneoplastic leions
1) GI adenoma
2) Leukoplakia
3) Actinic Keratosis
1) Colorectal cancer
2) squamous cell carcinoma
3) Skin Cnacer
74
What is Carcinogenesis
Creation of cancer
75
What type of cell damage promotes carcinogenesis
Nonlethal genetic damage i.e. mutations, epigenetic changes
76
What are the two ways we can acquire nonlethal genetic damage
Acquired: Environmental
| Inherited (genetic)
77
What is acquired carcinogenesis limited to
Somatic cells
78
What cells are at risk of carcinogenesis for inherited risk
All cells
Germline alteration
79
What are the regulatory genes that prevent cancer. and are the number one target for genetic damage
Proto-oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Apoptosis genes
DNA repair genes
80
Genetic alterations to regulatory genes is also known as
Carcinogenesis
81
What do proto-oncogenes regulate
Cell growth
82
What is an oncogene
Mutated proto-oncogene
83
What do oncogenes do
Cause anaplasia
84
What type of mutation causes oncogenes
Dominant (1 allele)
| Gain of function
85
What type of mutation changes tumor suppressor genes
Recessive (2 alleles)
Loss of function
86
What is karyotype
Number and appearance of Chromosomes in the nucles
87
What can damage to karyotype cause
Activation of oncogenes
| Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes
88
What are small changes to karyotype
Deletion
| Insertion
89
What are large changes to karyotype
Abnormal karyotype
| Aneuploidy = abnormal number of chromosomes
90
What are MircoRNAs
Non-coding RNA m/c
91
What do mircoRNAs do
inhibit gene expression
92
if there is an increased expression of MicroRNAs what regulatory gene is affected
Tumor supressor genes
93
If there is a decreased expression of MircoRNAs what regulatory genes is affected
Oncogenes
94
What are epigenetic modifications
Heritable changes in gene expression
95
What do epigenetic modifications do
Silence genes
96
How to epigenetic modification silence genes
DNA methylation
| Histone modification
97
are epigenetic changes reversible
Yes
98
What type of genetic modification does no mutate a gene
Epigenetic changes
99
Will one isolated mutation cause cancer
No, multiple genes must be impacted
100
What happens to tumors over time
They become more aggressive (tumor progression)
| Less responsive to therapy
101
What are the Hallmarks of Cancer
```
Evasion of immune system
Genomic instability
Tumor-promoting inflammation
Change in energy metabolism
Angiogenesis
Self suffifency in growth signals
```
102
How are cancer cells self sufficient in growth signals
Produce own growth factors
Stimulate growth factors from stroma
Alter GF receptors
Can stimulate its own receptors
103
What changes occur to cancer cells response to GF
they overexpress receptors
| Hyperresponsive to GFs
104
What GF receptor are often over expressed in cancer cells
HER2
105
What is signal transduction
Passing of a signal from receptor to the nucleus
106
What signal transduction genes are commonly mutated in Tumors, and in leukemias
RAS: 30% all tumors
ABL: mutated in leukemias
107
What happens when the nucleus is over-stimulated due to mutated transduction/GF receptors
Decreased cellular regulation = More mutations
108
What happens when there is an overstimulation of growth-promoting genes
Stimulating cell cycle
| Suppression of regulatory genes
109
Alterations to what gene "remove brakes and slam gas"
MYC gene
110
What does the MYC gene control
CDK activation
| Aerobic glycolysis
111
What is the restriction point in the cell cycle
G1-S phase transition
112
What do CDKs do at G1-S transition
Organize entry
113
What do CDKIs do at G1-S transition
Inhibit entry
114
What part of the cell cycle do all cancers need to disable
G1-S checkpont
115
What types of proteins to Tumor suppressor genes code for
Inhibitory growth proteins
116
What happens when Tumor suppressor genes become non-functional
Increased Proliferation
117
What is the Two-hit hypothesis
Both alleles must be inactivated in the Tumor suppressor genes to change the phenotype
118
What protein does the Rb gene code for
Rb protein
119
What was the first Tumor suppressor gene discovered
Rb gene
120
What check point does the Rb protein govern
G1-S phase
121
What viral infection can inhibit Rb protein
HPV
122
What protein maintains DNA integrity and is known as the guardian of the genome
p53
123
When a cell has DNA damage what protein will send it into Quiescence or Senescence
p53
124
What gene codes for the p53 protein
TP53
125
What is the difference between Quiescence and Senescence
Quiescence: Reversible cell cycle arrest (minor damage)
Senescence: permanent cell cycle arrest (major Damage)
126
What cell cycle phase does p53 check for DNA damage and remove cells with damaged DNA
G1 phase
127
What viral infections alter both alleles of TP53 (cause Somatic mutations)
HPV
EBV
Hep B
128
What is the inherited disease that has TP53 damage
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
129
What protein do both Apoptosis pathways use. Known as the Executioner, common target for cancer cells to destroy to avoid apoptosis
Caspse-3
130
What is the Hayflick limit
Maximum amount of times a cell can divide (normally 60-70 divisions)
131
What is the reason why cell can only divide so many times
Telomeres shorten, TSG recognize the shortening = senescence
132
What protein is rarely active in normal cells but very active in cancer cells. Causes cancer cells to have limitless replicative potential
Telomerase (repairs+maintains telomeres)
133
How large can a cancer cell get until it needs sustained angiogenesis
1-2mm in diameter
134
What are the major steps in invacion-metastasis cascade
1) invasion of ECM
2) Vascular Spread
3) Micrometastases grow+invade
135
What are the steps cancer cells have to take in order to interact with the ECM
Lossening of tumor cell
Breakdown of ECM
changes in ECM attachment
Migration
136
Where is the primary tumor located
The site of metastasis
137
What are the three types of DNA repair discussed in class
Mismatch Repair
Nucleotide excision repair
Homologous recombination repair
138
What is mismatch repair
Single base errors are corrected
139
15% of this type of cancer is caused by errors in mismatch DNA repair
Sporadic colorectal Cancers
i.e. Herediraty nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
140
What type of repair is done when a segment of DNA is damaged and removed. normally damaged by UV light
Nucleotide excision repair
141
What type of disease is associated with defective Nucleotide excision repair
Xeroderma pigmentosum
142
What is homologous recombination
DNA is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes
Can be used to repair DNA
143
What two genes are responsible for 50% of familial breast cancer. Due to problems with recombination
BRCA1 + BRCA2
144
Can chronic inflammation increase cancer risk
Yes
145
What are the classes of carcinogenic agents
Chemical
Radiant energy
Mircobial
146
What type of carcinogens require no metabolic conversion
Direct-Acting
147
What type of carcinogens require metabolic conversion
Indirect-acting
148
What are some indirect-acting carcinogens
Tabacco smoke
Fossil fuel exhaust
aflatoxin B1
149
What gene is the target for aflatoxin B1
TP53
150
Other than mutating a specific gene, what other way can a chemical carcinogen affect gene expression.
Mutate the promoter sequence of a gene
151
How can irradiation damage cells
Mutagenic effects
| Carcinogenesis
152
What is acute radiation syndrome
Radiation sickness caused but irradiation carcinogenesis
153
What does UV light cause the formation of
Pyrimidine dimers
154
What are the three types of skin cancer caused by UV light
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
155
What type of skin cancer is most common
Basal cell carcinoma
156
Why type of skin cancer is caused by intense UV exposure
Melanoma
157
What is the most common metastatic cancer in the US
Skin cancer
158
What classification of viruses cause cancer
Oncogenic RNA viruses
159
What was the oncogenic RNA virus that was discussed in class
Human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1)
160
how is HTLV-1 transmitted
Sex
blood
breast feeding
161
What are the 4 oncogenic DNA viruses discussed in class
HPV
EBV
Hep B and C
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus
