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Pathology 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Hyperemia

A

Increase of arteriolar dilation

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2
Q

What is hyperemia associated with

A

Inflammation or exercise

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3
Q

What is Congestion (blood)

A

Decrease venous outflow

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4
Q

What does hyperemia cause

A

Erythema (redness)

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5
Q

What does Congestion (blood) Cause

A

Tissue Cyanosis (blueness)

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6
Q

What is associated with Congestion

A

Venous obstruction
Heart failure
Testicular torsion

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7
Q

What condition is associated with alveolar capillary engorgement, edema, hemorrhage

A

Acute Pulmonary Congestion

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8
Q

What syndrome is associated with Acute pulmonary congestion

A

Acute Respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

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9
Q

What condition is associated with alveloar septa fibrosis, alveloar marcophages

A

Chronic Pulmonary Congestion

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10
Q

What are the ‘heart failure cells’

A

Alveolar macrophages and hemosiderin

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11
Q

What is associated with congestive hepatopathy

A

Steatosis, fibrosis, hemorrhage, necrosis “nutmeg liver”

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12
Q

Chronic heart failure leads to what liver condition

A

Hepatic Congestion

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13
Q

How much of the bodys H2O is intracellular

A

2/3

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14
Q

What condition is characterized by abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid

A

Edema

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15
Q

What is it called when edema is within subcutaneous tissue

A

anasarca

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16
Q

Is transudate protein poor or rich

A

Poor

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17
Q

What causes Hydrostatic pressure in the body

A

Blood pressure

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18
Q

What causes Osmotic pressure

A

Plasma proteins

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19
Q

What problems can occur with increased hydrostatic pressure

A

Impaired venous return
Blood clots
Congestive heart failure

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20
Q

How can you treat/fix increased hydrostatic pressure

A

Restore cardiac output
Thrombolysis
decrease sodium
diuretics

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21
Q

What is associated with a reduction of osmotic pressure

A

Generalized albumin

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22
Q

What plasma proteins are involved in creating osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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23
Q

Condition in which serum albumin levers are low

A

Hypoalbuminemia

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24
Q

What is associated with a decrease in serum albumin

A

Cirrhosis
Hepatits
liver failure
malnutrition

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25
What condition(s) is associated with an increase of protein loss
``` Nephrotic syndrom (proteinuria) Leaky glomerular capillaries ```
26
Other than high blood pressure and decreased osmotic pressure; what can also cause edema
Lymphatic obstruction Retention of sodium inflammation
27
What can happen when sodium/H2O is retained
Increase Blood volume/hydrostatic pressure
28
What causes Retention of sodium/H2O
Acute renal failure | High salt diet
29
What causes edema at sites of inflammation
Increased vessel permeability
30
Is exudate of Transudate associated with inflammation edema
Exudate (protein rich fluid)
31
What is another name for Lymphatic obstruction
Lymphedema
32
What is lymphedema (lymphatic obstruction) caused by
inflammation, neoplasia, filariasis, fibrosis due to irradiation, surgery
33
What are indicators of edema
Inflammation Left ventricular failure (CHF) Renal failure
34
What tissues can experience edem
All
35
What is dependent edema
Fluid accumulation in tissues influenced by gravity
36
Where does standing dependent edema accumulate
Ankles/legs
37
Where does recumbent edema accumulate
Sacrum
38
What is Pitting edema
Transudate accumulation | applying pressure with finger will make a dimple (pit)
39
What is associated with Pitting edema
No-osmosis low serum albumin possible Renal failure painless
40
What is non-pitting edema
Exudate accumulations | applying pressure with finger will cause pain and no dimple
41
What is associated with non-pitting edema
Inflammation
42
What is a hemorrhage
Extravasation of blood from vessels
43
What can cause hemorrhage
Trauma Atherosclerosis inflammation neoplasia
44
What is a Hematoma
A large accumulation of Blood within tissue
45
What can cause hematoma
Contusion or ecchymosis
46
What type of shock is associated with a rapid loss of 20% or more blood volume
Hypovolemic shock
47
What was the example given in class about Hypovolemic shock
When a person is pinned up against a wall, and if they are moved will cause massive blood loss
48
What is another name for Ecchymosis (type of Hemorrhage)
A bruse
49
What is another name of petechiae (type of Hemorrhage)
Scurvy
50
What is the condition associated with hemorrhages due to fragile vessels
Purpura (kaposi sarcoma/AIDS)
51
What is thrombosis
Clot formation inside a vessel
52
What causes platelets to bind together
ECM exposure which activated platelet binging
53
What activates with coagulation cascade
Activation of thromibin
54
What can cause a greater risk of acquired thrombosis
Smoking, Pregnancy, obesity, irregular heart valves, immobilization, trauma
55
What are the inherited risks of thrombosis
mutation in Factor V (anti-thrombotic) or prothrombin (increase thrombosis)
56
What is virchow's triad (3 things that will lead to thrombosis)
Endothelial injury abnormal blood flow hypercoagulability
57
What is thrombosis that causes an obstruction or embolism
Thromboembolism
58
What are the fates of Thrombosis
Embolize, dissolve, organise, recanalization, enlarge
59
What are the features of venous thrombosis
Congestion Tenderness Pitting edema
60
What are the features of arterial thrombosis
Infarction (heart, brain)
61
What is disseminated intravascular soagulation (DIC)
widespread thrombosis
62
What can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Activation of the clotting cascade Crushing injuries obstetric complications sepsis
63
What can disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) cause
Widespread organ failure Ischemia/infarction Hemorrhage
64
What is an embolism
Detached intravascular mass
65
What can cause an embolism
``` Fat plaque debris tumor fragment amniotic fluid nitrogen air ```
66
What is a pulmonary embolism
Occlusion of a pulmonry artery
67
What is the main cause of a pulmonary embolism
95% from deep vein thrombosis of the femoral vein, thigh
68
what percentage of pulmonary embolisms are fatal
2%
69
What percentage of pulmonary embolisms are clinically silent
80%
70
What are they symptoms of pulmonary embolisms
Dyspnea, tachypnea (>20bpm), Cough, chest pain, cyanosis, hypoxia, collapse
71
What is systemic thromboembolism
An embolism within the arterial system
72
What determines severity of systemic thromboembolism
Tissue site of obstruction
73
What is a paradoxical embolism
Embolism that crosses from venous to arterial system
74
What can a paradoxical embolism cause
Stroke
75
What is an infarction
Vascular occlusion
76
What type of necrosis is associated with an infarction
Coagulative necrosis
77
What are the two categories of an infarction
Red (hemorrhagic) | White (anemic)
78
What are the traditional features of shock
``` Increase respiration Increase HR Cool clammy skin Decreased Urine output Hypotension thirst decreased level of consciousness ```
79
What are the different types of Shock
``` Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Septic Neurogenic Anaphylactic ```
80
What is Cardiogenic Shock
Pump failure
81
What can cause cardiogenic shock
myocardiac infaction Arrhythmia cardiac tamponade
82
What is hypovolemic Shock
Loss of blood or plasma volume
83
What can cause hypovolemic Shock
Hemorrhage, Burns, dehydration
84
What is septic shock
Infection leads to immune reaction
85
What is Neurogenic shock
CNS trauma, spinal anesthesia
86
What is anaphylactic shock
Severe allergy rxn --> vasodilation and bronchoconstriction
87
Why do you need to elevate a persons legs when they are in shock?
Blood pools in legs due to poor circulation. Prevents thrombosis
88
What are the stages of shock
Nonprogressive Progressive irreversible
89
What is characteristic of the progressive stage of shock
hypoperfusion acidosis -->dilates vessels decreased cardiac output
90
What is characteristic of the irreversible stage of shock
Widespread damage to membranes + organ damage | Lethal
91
What is characteristic of the Nonprogressive stage of shock
SNS compensatory mechanisms maintain perfusion to vital organs

Pathology 1 (6 decks)

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