Chapter 7 Flashcards by travis shook

What has a greater impact on health, Personal environment or ambient environment

Personal environment

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What results in environmental disease

Results of exposure to chemical or physical agents

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What is the most common cause of occupational illness

Chronic exposure

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How does climate change affect our health

as greenhouse gasses increase, and deforestation increases there is an increase of Heat-related illness, cardiovascular disease, crop failure, contaminated water, vector-borne infections

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What is Toxicology

Study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms

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What does toxicology include

Trauma
Radiation
heat
Dosage

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What are xenobiotics

Chemicals not produced/expected in an organism, but found inside

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How are can we be exposed to xenobiotics

Inhalation
Ingestion
Cutaneous contact

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Where do xenobiotics act

Site of entry or site of storage

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What happens to xenobiotics

They are metabiolized into H2O soluble products, or turned into Toxic metabolites

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What are the environmental pollutants

Airborne microbes

Gases and particulates

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What are most vulnerable to environmental pollution

Lungs

and various systems

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Ozone is degraded by automobile exhaust to produce smog. What does smog do to us

Cause ROS production that damages airways
Cause inflammation
Decrease function of lungs

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Buring fossil fules produces Sulfur dioxide, particulates, acid aerosols. What does this do to us

Decrease mucociliary clearance leading to inflammation and infections

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What is a colourless tateless ororless gas that can kill us

Carbon Monoxide

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Why is carbon monoxide so lethal

it has 200x more affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen has. (asphyxiant)

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What happens to the body when you are exposed to carbon monoxide

CNS depression

Lethal hypoxia

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What is the most common type of indoor pollution

Tobacco somke
CO2
Asbestos
Nitrogen dioxide (wood smoke)

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What is radon

Colourless ordorless gas that increases the risk of lung cancer

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What are bioaerosols

Airborne particles that contain or were from living organisms

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What is one of the most common metallic environmental pollutants

Lead

pain, pipes, soil

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What happens to the blood brain barrier when lead is absorbed

Increases permeability

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What happens to children that are exposed to lead

irreversible CNS defects
brain damage
encephalopathy
coma
seizures

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What happens to adults that are exposed to lead

Reversible peripheral neuropathies

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What does lead target

``` Blood Bone marrow nervous system GI tract Kidneys ```

What is especialy vulnerable to mercury

The developing brain

How does mercury cause damage

It accumulates in neurons | Block ion channels

What can mercury poisoning cause

Tremors Confused speech distorted vision

who should avoid carnivorous fish (tuna)

Babies | Pregnant women

How does methymercury accumulate in tune

It is used in gold mining, and enters water supply. It is water soluble is accumulates in the plant life and moves up that chain building in concentration

Where is arsenic found naturally

In soil and H2O in bangladesh, chile, china

What does arsenic cause when ingested

Interference with oxidation phosphorylation, leading to death

What effect does arsenic have on the skin

It is carcinogenic causing skin cancer

What cancer does arsenic cause

Basal cell carcinoma | Squamous cell carcinoma

How are we exposed to cadmium

household waste | chemical fertilizers

What does cadmium exposure do to us

Damages lungs Kidneys bones Renal disease

What is the disease caused by cadmium exposure called

itai-itai disease (ouch-ouch diseasea)

What is characteristic of itai-itai disease

Bone loss and renal failure

What are the industrial and agricultural products discussed in class that can cause cancer

Organic solvents Polycyclic hydrocarbons Organochlorines

What industrial or agricultural product can cause dizziness, Coma, Leukemia. Comes from dry cleaning, paint remover

Organic solvents

What industrial or agricultural product is produced by steel foundaries, fossil fules, combustion. Causes lung and bladder cancer

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

What industrial or agricultural product is produced by synthetic products and is an endocrine disruptor, causes neural toxicity and is lipophilic

Organochlorines

What does tobacco smoke cause

Lung cancer Emphysema Chronic bronchitis (CPOD)

How is tobacco exposure measured

In pack years | Packs/day X years smoked

how much does passive smoke increase cancer risk

30% increase

what does second hand smoke cause in children

Asthma

Where is alcohol absorbed in the body, is it alterd in there places

Stomach SI it is unaltered

what organ and what enzyme metabolizes alcohol

O: liver E: Cytochrome P-450

What is alcohol metabolized into

Acetate

What happens when alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes alcohol

Decrease in NAD+ Fatty liver disease metabolic acidosis

What is the alcohol Flush Reaction

it is a defective form of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

What populations is Alcohol Flush Reaction most common in

Asians

What does acute alcoholism/intoxication cause

Decrease in intellectual and motor functions

What can chronic alcoholism cause

``` Steatosis Cirrhosis CNS problems Morbidity Korsakoff syndrome ```

What is the benefit of having 1 drink a day

Increase HDL's and inhibit clotting

What are ARDS

Adverse Drug reactions

what are the two types of ADRs

Localized | Systemic

What are Exogenous estrogens used for

Hormone replacement therapy | Oral contraceptives

What is Estrogen replacement used for

Reduce menopause symptoms

what are side effects of Estrogen replacement therapy

``` increase HDL Decrease LDL Decrease heart disease increase endometrial Cancer Increase thrombosis ```

What are the side effects + benefits or oral contraceptives

Increase thrombosis little to no breast cervical cancer protectoin from endometiral + ovarian cancer

What is Acetaminophen used for

Analgesic | Antipyretic

Where and how is acetaminophen metabolized

in the liver by cytochrome p-450 system

what is the toxic does of acetaminophen

15-25 grams

What can an overdoes of acetaminophen cause

``` Nausea Jaundice comiting diarrhea shock ```

What is ASA used for

Analgesic antipyretic anti-inflammatory

What can ASA cause that is related for its antiplatelet affect

Petechia | Decrease in MI and stroke

What is it called when you OD on ASA

Salicylism

What are some symptoms of salicylism

``` Gastritis Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea CNS damage ```

What does Cocaine do

Blocks re-uptake of dopamine in CNS Causes Euphoria

What are the adverse effects of Cocaine use

``` Seizures Tachycardia Increase BP Vasoconstriction Hyperpyrexia ```

Chapter 7 Flashcards

(71 cards)