Chapter 4 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What are hypersensitivity reactions
A
Injurious immune reactions
secondary tissue injury
2
Q
What are the 3 common causes
A
Autoimmunity
Microbial rxns (TB)
Environmental
3
Q
What is type I hypersensitivity?
A
Allergies
4
Q
How quickly does type I hypersensitivity happen
A
Immediate (within minutes)
5
Q
What happens in a Type I hypersensitivity rxn
A
1) Helper T cells activated
2) Increase IgE production
3) Mast Cell degranulation (Histamine)
4) Edema, increased mucus secretion, Bronchoconstriction
6
Q
What is the worst type of reaction to a type I hypersensitivity
A
Severe anaphylaxis
7
Q
What can occur with late-phase Type I hypersensitivity
A
Eipthelial damage
8
Q
Type II hypersensitivity reactions are know as what
A
Cytotoxic reactions
9
Q
What antibodies are involved in Type II hypersensitivity
A
IgM, IgE
10
Q
What are two syndromes associated with Type II hypersensitivity
A
Goodpasture syndrom
Graves disease
11
Q
What test can be used to indicate Type II hypersensitivity
A
Coomb’s test
12
Q
What is Type III hypersensitivity reactions know as
A
Immune complex formation
13
Q
What can type III hypersensitivity cause
A
Systemic and Local inflammation
14
Q
What are some symptoms due to systems type III hypersensitivity
A
Fever, arthritis, vasculitis, proteinuria, lymphadenopathy
15
Q
What are a some diseases associated with Type III hypersensitivity
A
Lupus (SLE)
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
reactive arthritis
serum sickness
16
Q
What is Type IV hypersensitivity
A
T cell-mediated inflammation
or delayed inflammation
17
Q
What is type IV hypersensitivity associated with
A
Autoimmune disorders
Persistent infections
18
Q
How prominent are autoimmune disorders
A
they are in about 2-5% of the population
19
Q
What can cause autoimmune disorders
A
Genetic mutations Environmental factors (infection, injury)
20
Q
What are the prime targets for autoimmune disorders
A
Connective tissue and vessels
21
Q
What is Lupus erythematosus
A
Failed self-tolerance
Formations of anti-nuclear antibodies
22
Q
Who is more likely to have Lupus erythematosus
A
1: 700 women at childbearing age
1: 245 African american women of childbearing age
23
Q
What autoantibody-mediated tissue injuries associated with Lupus erythematosus
A
Autoantibodies against cells (Type II)
Immune complex deposition (Type III)
24
Q
What type of Vessel injury (thrombosis) is associated with Lupus Erythematosus
A
Fibrinoid necrosis
Acute necrotizing vasculitis
25
What type of renal failure (glomerulonephritis) is associated with Lupus Erythematosus
Proteinuria, Hematuria
| Urinary red blood cell casts
26
What are the symptoms that may manifest in lupus erythematosus
```
Thrombosis
Glomerulonephritis
Fever
Photosensitivity
Serositis
Hair loss
Libman-sacks endocarditis of mitral valve
G.I discomfort
Oral ulcers
Arthritis
Seizures
Fatigue
```
27
What photosensitivity rash is associated with lupus erythematosus
Malar (butterfly) rash
Discoid rash
Dermoepidermal degeneration
28
What is the survival rate for people that have lupus erythematosus
95% 5 year survival rate
29
What symptoms of lupus cause death
```
renal failure (glomerulonephritis)
Infections
```
30
What is Sojgrens syndrome
Exocrine gland destruction and enlargement
31
What is sjogrens syndrome of the lacrimal glands
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
32
What does Keratoconjunctivitis cause
Dry eyes
Inflammation of eyes
erosion
ulceration
33
What is sjogrens syndrome of salivary glands
Xerostomia
34
What does xerostomia cause
Dry mouth
Fissuring of mouth/tongue
Ulcerations
35
What are the two types of sjogrens syndrome
Isolated: sicca syndrome
| Secondary autoimmune
36
What type of sjogrens syndrome is the most common
60% of all cases are secondary autoimmune disorders
37
What age and sex is most likely to be affects by sjogrens syndrome
Females
| 35-45
38
What does sjorgrens syndrome increase the risk of
B Cell lymphoma
39
What is characteristic of Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
```
Extensive fibrosis in multiple tissues
Vascular destriction (small arteries)
```
40
What tissue is systemic sclerosis most common in?
95% Skin
41
What are and sex is systemic sclerosis most common
Females age 40-60
42
What are some features associated with Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
```
Raynaud Phenomenon
Malabsorption
Dysphagia
Renovascular HTN
renal failure
pulmonary HTN
Dyspnea
myalgia
arthritis
```
43
What are the two types of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
Limited
| Diffuse
44
What is the "syndrome" used to describe limited systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
C.R.E.S.T syndrome
45
What type of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is associated with: mild skin involvement; mainly fingers, face
Limited
46
What type of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is associated with: Rapid/widespread skin involvement
Diffuse
47
What is "CREST syndrome" in reference to Systemic sclerosis
```
C: Calcinosis
R: Raynaud phenomenon
E: Esophageal dysmotility
S: Sclerodactyly
T: Telangiectasia (spider veins)
```
48
What are the two broad types of immune deficiency disorders
```
Primary = Congenital
Secondary = Acquired
```
49
What type of immune deficiency is associated with genetic variability
Congenital
50
How long does it take for a primary immune deficiency to be seen
6-24 month
51
What are the Primary immune deficiencies talked about in class
```
Bruton disease
Common variable immunodeficiency
Isolated IgA deficiency
Hyper-IgM syndrome
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
Defects in lymphocyte activation
Defects in innate immunity
```
52
What is the onset, sex, and problem associted with Bruton disease
Onset: 6 months
Males
Failed B cell Maturation = no antibodies
53
How do you treat bruton disease
IgG infusions
54
What is the onset, sex and problem associated with Common variable immunodeficiency
Males, Females
10-30 years old
Decreased antibody response to infxn
55
In common variable immunodeficiency, why is there a decreased antibody response to infxns
There are Normal B cells but no Plasma cells
56
What race and ratio of people with isolated IgA deficiency
Caucasians
| 1:700 people
57
What is the immune problem associated with Isolated IgA deficiency
decreased IgA production
| Increased G.I and respiratory infections
58
What is happening with Hyper-IgM syndrome
increased IgM
decreased IgG, IgA, IgE
recurrent bacterial infections
59
What type of mutation is associated with hyper-IgM syndrome
70% are X-linked mutations
60
What is the prevelance of Hyper-IgM syndrome
1:100,000
61
What is the common name for Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
Bubble Boy syndrome
62
What is going on in SCID (bubble boy syndrome)
lymphopenia (decreased T and B cells)
Lymphoid atrophy
They are have no immune system
63
What is associated with Defects in lymphocyte activation
Defective T cell immunity
| Chronic fungal infections
64
What is associated with Defects in innate immunity
Altered complement phagocytosis
Multiple infections
65
What are some types of secondary deficiency disorders
Infections
Malnutrition
Aging
Cancer
66
What are the mechanisms of infections for secondary immune deficiency disorders
Suppression of Marrow
| Lymphocyte dysfunction
67
What causes Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
68
What is the most common way to transmit HIV
Blood, Semen, Vaginal fluid, breast milk
| 75% sexually transmitted
69
What does HIV do
Destroys CD4+T cells and macrophages
70
What does HIV allow for
Opportunistic infections that are rare in age/race/region
71
What is the most common way to transmit HIV in the US
Male-Male sex
72
What is the most common way to transmit HIV in the world
Male-Female sex
73
What is the most common cause in transmission of HIV (I.e what happens during unprotected sex)
Mircoabrasions and semen
74
What are the two tests used to determine HIV
ELISA test
| Western Blot
75
How can a person carry HIV but be immune to it
They have a mutation in CCR5 receptor protein
Prevents HIV from entering cell
76
How long does the acute stage of HIV/AIDS last
3-6 weeks after infection
77
What is associted with the acute stage of HIV/AIDS
Pyrexia
Pharyngitis
Myalgia
Viremia
78
After initial HIV infection how long does it take for Viremia to decrease
~12 weeks
79
How long does the Chronic stage of HIV/AIDS last
2-10 years after infection
80
What is happening at a cellular level during the chronic stage of HIV/AIDS
Steady decline of CD4+T Cells
| Gradually increase Viremia
81
What infections are associated with the Chronic stage of HIV/AIDS
Pyrexia
Fatigue
Candidiasis
82
When does the Crisis stage of HIV/AIDS occur
when there are less than 200 CD4+Tcells per ul
83
What is associated with the crisis stage of HIV/AIDS
```
increased viremia
Cachexia
fatigue
pyrexia
diarrhea
wt loss
CNS defects
```
84
What is a persons who has HIV/AIDS most likely to die from?
Opportunistic infections (80%)
85
What is the "AIDS-defining" Pathogen
Fungal: Pneumocytosis, Candidiasis
86
What causes CNS injury due to AIDS/HIV
infected monocytes --> Meningitis
87
What can someone take to prolong their life when they have AIDS/HIV
antiretoviral meds
88
What is the actual origin of AIDS
Eating of primates
89
What is amyloidosis
inflammaroty or inherited diseases caused due to misfolded proteins
90
what is an Amyloid
non-branching fibrillar proteins
91
How do amyloids cause problems in the body
They are not phagocytised and accumulate causeing tissue damage and disrupt functions of tissues
92
What are the types of Amyloids
Amyloid light (AL)
Amylod-associtaed (AA)
B-Amyloid (AB)
93
Of those in the crisis stage of AIDS; what viruses are most likely to cause: Neoplasia/ CNS lymphoma
KSHV
EBV
HPV
94
What type of amyloid plaque is strongly associated with Alzheimer Disease
B-Amyloid
95
What type of Amyloid is found in the liver and chronic inflammation
Amyloid-Associated (AA)
96
What type of amyloid is associated with immunoglobulin light chains and Bence-Jones proteins
Amyloid Light (AL)
97
What are the types of Amyloidosis (not amaloids)
Systemic
Localized
Hereditary
98
What are the 3 subtypes of systemic amyloidosis
Primary
Secondary
Aging
99
What type of systemic amyloidosis is associated with malignant plasma cells, what amyloids are there too
Primary
| Amyloid light proteins
100
What type of systemic amyloidosis is associated with chronic inflammation. What amyloids are associated with it
Secondary
| Amyloid-associated
101
What type of systemic amyloidosis is associated with elderly
Aging (senile systemic amyloidosis)
102
What type of amyloidosis is associated with multiple organ systems
Systemic
103
What type of amyloidosis is associated with single organ/tissue
Localized
104
What type of amyloidosis is rare, family related and/or geographic
Hereditary
105
What is the most common organ to have amyloid plaques
Kidney
106
What type of amyloids are commonly found in the brain
B-amyloid plaques
