Flashcards in Chapter 5 Deck (32)
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1
to increase a value by one
increment
2
to decrease a value by one
decrement
3
operator is placed after the variable; matters when using operator in expression (will change value after expression executes)
postfix mode
4
operator is placed before the variable; matters when using operator in expression (will change value before expression executes)
prefix mode
5
consists of key word for loop followed by an exp enclosed in () / braces for body of loop
loop header
6
exp in () is tested; if it's true, statement is executed; then exp is tested again; if true, statement is executed; cycle repeates until exp is false; is a pretest loop
while loop
7
tests its exp before each iteration; loop will never iterate if test exp is false to start
pretest loop
8
continues to repeat until program is interrupted; possible to create by accident by placing semicolon at end of loop header (disconnects body from loop) or by not updating test condition
infinite loop
9
process of inspecting data given to program by user and deting if it's valid; while loop is good for this
input validation
10
read operation that takes place just before loop; provides the first value for the loop to test; subsequent values are obtained by the loop
priming read
11
variable that is regularly updated in each iteration of the loop; keeps track of the number of iterations loop has performed; set variable equal to starting value and create loop where variable is than another value and update the variable
counter
12
looks like an inverted while loop; must be terminated w/a semicolon; always performs at least one iteration, even if exp is false to start; is a post-test loop; should use when you want to make sure loop executes at least once (as in w/ menus); while cond is located at closing brace
do-while loop
13
doesn't test exp until it has completed an iteration
post-test loop
14
allows user to decide number of iterations (via sentinel value or entering number into control variable)
user-controlled loop
15
type of loop specifically designed to initialize, test, and update a counter variable; first step is initialization exp, then second exp is tested (controls execution of loop and will repeat body of loop as long as exp is true), then third exp updates counter at end of each iteration; is a pretest loop
for loop
16
sum of #s that accumulates with each iteration of a loop; requires 1) loop that reads in each # in the series and 2) variable that accumulates total # of #s as they are read
running total
17
variable used to accumulate the total #s
accumulator
18
special value that can't be mistaken as a member of the list and signals that there are no more values to be entered; when user enters it, loop terminates (set while loop != to sentinel value); will not be included in running total
sentinel
19
file data is written to; program stores __ in it;
output file
20
file that data is read from; when a piece of data is read from a file, it's copied from file into a variable in RAM; prgm gets __ from it
input file
21
1) file must be opened
2) file is processed
3) file must be closed
steps to using files
22
accesses data from beginning of file to end of file; you have to read all data that comes before piece of data you want to access
sequential access (file)
23
can jump directly to any piece of data in file w/out reading data that comes before it
random / direct access (file)
24
with what files on disk are identified by
file name
25
object associated with specific file; provides a way for program to work with that file
file stream object
26
output file stream; used when you want to write data to file
ofstream
27
input file stream, used when you want to open an existing file and read data from it
ifstream
28
file stream; used when you want to open files for reading, writing, or both
fstream
29
small holding section of memory that file bound data is first written to
file buffer
30
