Chapter 5

Question 1

social interaction

Answer 1

to the ways in which people respond to one another, whether face-to-face or over the telephone or on the computer.

Question 2

social structure

Answer 2

the way society is organized into predictable relationships

Question 3

reality

Answer 3

shaped by perceptions, evaluations, and definitions.

Question 4

status

Answer 4

any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society.

a person can hold more than one at a time.

Question 5

ascribed status

Answer 5

status one is born with

Question 6

achieved status

Answer 6

status one earns

Question 7

master status

Answer 7

status that dominates other statuses and determines a person’s general position

Question 8

social role

Answer 8

set of expectations for people who occupy a given status

Question 9

role conflict

Answer 9

when incompatible expectations arise from 2 or more social positions held by the same person

Question 10

role strain

Answer 10

difficulties that arise when the same position imposes conflicting demands and expectations

Question 11

role exit

Answer 11

process of disengagement from a role that is cultural to one’s identity to establish a new role

Question 12

Ebaugh’s four stages

Answer 12

doubt
search for alternatives
action or departure stage
creation of a new identity

Question 13

group

Answer 13

any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact on a regular basis

Question 14

primary group

Answer 14

small group with intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation

Question 15

secondary group

Answer 15

formal, impersonal groups with little social intimacy or mutual understanding

Question 16

in-groups

Answer 16

any groups or categories to which people feel they belong

Question 17

out-groups

Answer 17

any groups or categories to which people feel they do not belong

conflict between these groups can turn violent on a personal and as well as a political level

Question 18

reference group

Answer 18

any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating their own behavior

• set and enforce standards of conduct and belief also perform a comparison function
• often 2 or more reference groups influence us at the same time

Question 19

coalitions

Answer 19

temporary or permanent alliances geared toward a common goal - some intentionally short-lived
ex.) survivor

Question 20

social network

Answer 20

series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people
-social networks are one of the 5 basic elements of social structure.

Question 21

social institution

Answer 21

organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs

Question 22

functionalist perspective

Answer 22

5 major tasks: replacing personnel, teaching new recruits, producing and distributing goods and services, preserving order, providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

Question 23

conflict perspective

Answer 23

major institutions help maintain privileges of most powerful individuals and groups within

Question 24

interactionist perspective

Answer 24

social institutions affect everyday behavior - social behavior conditioned by roles and statuses we accept

Question 25

formal organization

Answer 25

group designed for a special purpose structured for mase efficiency, fulfill an enormous variety of personal and social needs, ascribed statuses can influence how we see ourselves within formal organizations

Question 26

bureaucracy

Answer 26

component of formal organization that uses roles and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency

Question 27

ideal type

Answer 27

a construct or model for evaluating specific cases, webur emphasized basic similarity of structure and process found in dissimilar enterprises of religion, govt, education and business

Question 28

characteristics of weburs ideal bureaucracy

Answer 28

division of labor, hierarchy of authority, written rules and regulations, impersonality, employment based on technical qualifications

Question 29

characteristics of a bureaucracy

Answer 29

with a division of labor, specialized experts perform specific tasks, fragmentation of work can remove commerce workers have to the overall objective of the bureaucracy

Question 30

alienation

Answer 30

condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society

Question 31

trained incapacity

Answer 31

workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems

Question 32

hierarchy authority

Answer 32

means each position is under supervision, written rules and regulations ensure uniform performance of every task - provide continuity

Question 33

goal displacement

Answer 33

when rules and regulations overshadow larger goals of the organization and become dysfunctional - impersonality is a key characteristic

Question 34

T or F : bureatic norms dictate that officials perform duties without personal consideration of people as individuals

Answer 34

True

Question 35

employment-based on technical qualifications

Answer 35

ideally, performance measured against specific standards

Question 36

peter principle

Answer 36

every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence

Question 37

bureaucratization

Answer 37

process by which group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic - can take place within small group settings

Question 38

iron law of oligarchy

Answer 38

even a democratic organization eventually develops into a bureaucracy ruled by a few

Question 39

classical theory or scientific management approach

Answer 39

workers motivated almost entirely by economic rewards

Question 40

human relations approach

Answer 40

role of people, communication, and participation within a bureaucracy emphasized

Question 41

mechanical solidarity

Answer 41

collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, implying all individuals perform the same tasks

Question 42

organic solidarity

Answer 42

collective consciousness resting on the need society's members have for one another

Question 43

gemeinschaft

Answer 43

small community in which people have similar backgrounds and life experiences

Question 44

gesellschaft

Answer 44

large community in which people are strangers and feel little in common with other community residents

Question 45

sociocultural evolution

Answer 45

human societies undergo process of change characterized by dominant pattern - level of technology critical

Question 46

technology

Answer 46

cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires

Question 47

hunting-and-gathering society

Answer 47

people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available

Question 48

Horticultural societies

Answer 48

people plant seeds and crops

Question 49

Agrarian societies

Answer 49

people are primarily engaged in production of food; more specialized than horticultural society

Question 50

Industrial Societies

Answer 50

- Societies that depend on mechanization to produce goods and services - People rely on inventions and energy sources - People move away from family as a self-sufficient production unit

Question 51

Postindustrial society

Answer 51

economic system engaged primarily in processing and controlling information

Question 52

Postmodern society

Answer 52

technologically sophisticated society preoccupied with consumer goods and media images

Question 53

Labor unions

Answer 53

consist of organized workers who share either the same skill or the same employer

Question 54

Reasons for ongoing decline in labor union membership

Answer 54

``` Changes in the type of industry Growth in part-time jobs The legal system Globalization Employer offensives ```

Question 55

Marxists and functionalists

Answer 55

view union development as logical response to organizational growth

Question 56

Sociologists have linked decline in union membership

Answer 56

to widening gap between hourly workers’ wages and managerial and executive compensation

Question 57

U.S. is unique among industrial democracies

Answer 57

in allowing employers to oppose union development