Chapter 5

Question 1

The frontal plane

Answer 1

bisects body into front and back halves and is for side to side movements such as side lunges

Question 2

Saggital plane

Answer 2

bisects the body into
left/right halves and relates to front-to-back and up-and-down
movements like squats and lunges

Question 3

transvere plane

Answer 3

bisects the body into upper/lower halves and is where rotational movements occur, like cable rotation exercises or swinging a bat

Question 4

arthrokinematics

Answer 4

joint motion

Question 5

concentric muscle action

Answer 5

—When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening
of the muscle.

Concentric muscle action: when a muscle contraction is accompanied by shortening muscle tissue.

Question 6

eccentric muscle action

Answer 6

—When a muscle develops tension while lengthening; resistive force is greater than
muscular force

Eccentric muscle action: when a muscle contraction is accompanied by lengthening muscle tissue.

Question 7

isometric muscle action

Answer 7

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it, leading to no visible
change in the muscle length.

when a muscle contraction is accompanied by no change in the length of the muscle tissue

Question 8

contralateral

Answer 8

referring to a point on the opposite side of the body

Question 9

ipsilateral

Answer 9

referring to a point on the same side of the body

Question 10

hyperextension

Answer 10

the extension of a part of the body beyond normal limits

Question 11

scapular retraction (adduction)

Answer 11

the act of sliding the shoulder blades toward the mid-line of the body.

Question 12

scapular motion

Answer 12

the act of sliding the shoulder blades away from the mid-line of the body.

Question 13

scapular depression

Answer 13

the act of sliding the shoulder blades inferiorly

Question 14

scapular elevation

Answer 14

the act of sliding the shoulder blades superiorly

Question 15

isokinetic muscle action

Answer 15

—When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.

Isokinetic muscle action: when a muscle maintains a constant speed during contraction.

Question 16

force

Answer 16

movement that results in the slowing down or speeding up of an object.

Question 17

length-tension relationships

Answer 17

optimal length of a muscle results in optimal force production

Question 18

force-couple

Answer 18

a group of muscles that work together to produce force on a joint.

Question 19

rotary motion

Answer 19

rotational movement of the joints.

Question 20

Torque

Answer 20

something that produces or tends to produce torsion or rotation; the moment of a force or system of forces tending to cause rotation.

Question 21

motor behavior

Answer 21

motor responese to an internal and external stimuli

connecting the mind and body for an optimal performance response.

Question 22

motor control

Answer 22

How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to
produce a motor response.

is the process by which humans and animals use their brain/cognition to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs.

Question 23

motor learning

Answer 23

—Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively
permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.

the process of improving motor skills through practice, with long-lasting changes in the capability for responding.

Question 24

motor development

Answer 24

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan

the growth of muscular coordination in an animal.

Question 25

muscle synergies

Answer 25

—Groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement.

Muscles controlled by the CNS that act to produce the same movement.

Question 26

proprioception

Answer 26

The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb
movement

awareness of the position of one’s body produced by all sensory receptors

Question 27

sensorimotor integration

Answer 27

the cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.

Question 28

feedback (motor learning)

Answer 28

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the Human Movement System in
motor learning.

a biological system in which the output or response affects the input, the sensory system collects input from the motor system to promote the learning of motor skills.

Question 29

internal feedback

Answer 29

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement
and the environment

what you feel during or after you have performed or practiced the skill. Your feelings provide you with information about the outcome of your motor response.

Question 30

external feedback

Answer 30

—Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or
heart rate monitor, to supplement feedback from the internal environment.

is information you receive about your performance from various sources, usually verbal, visual or written.

Question 31

first-class lever

Answer 31

have the fulcrum in the middle, with the effort and resistance on either side; like a see-saw.

is a stick where the fulcrum is between the weight and the energy moving the weight (your hands, for example). Some common first-class levers are see-saws, crowbars, pliers, scissors (which use two first-class levers together), and a hammer pulling a nail.

Question 32

second class lever

Answer 32

s have the resistance in the middle, with the fulcrum and effort on either side; like a
wheelbarrow

is a stick where the fulcrum is at one end of the stick, you push on the other end, and the weight is in the middle of the stick. Some common second-class levers are doors, staplers, wheelbarrows, and can openers.

Question 33

third-class lever

Answer 33

have the effort in the middle, with the fulcrum and resistance on either side.

is a stick where the fulcrum is at one end of the stick, you push on the middle, and the weight is at the other end of the stick. With a third-class lever, you have to put in more energy than you would just lifting the weight, but you get the weight to move a longer distance in return. Some common examples are a broom, a hoe, a fishing rod, a baseball bat, and our own human arms

Question 34

For concentric muscle

actions, faster contractions equal

Answer 34

lower force output

Question 35

For eccentric contractions, the ability to generate force

_____ with faster contraction velocities

Answer 35

increases

Question 36

Most segments of the body act as \_\_\_\_ class levers, with the fulcrum being the axis around which the joint
rotates

Answer 36

third

Question 37

isotonic

Answer 37

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement

occurs through a given range of motion

Question 38

extension

Answer 38

is a straightening

movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

Question 39

flexion

Answer 39

is a bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases (

Question 40

horizontal abduction

Answer 40

Movement of the arm or
thigh in the transverse
plane from an anterior
position to a lateral
position.

Question 41

horizontal adduction

Answer 41

Movement of the arm or
thigh in the transverse
plane from a lateral
position to an anterior
position.

Question 42

scapular protraction (abduction)

Answer 42

Abduction of scapula;
shoulder blades move
away from the midline.