Chapter 5

Question 1

Weathering

Answer 1

The group of processes that change rock at or near earth’s surface.

Question 2

Erosion

Answer 2

The picking up or physical removal of rock particles kind of like sand and the ocean.

Question 3

transportation

Answer 3

The movement of eroded particles by agents such as rivers, waves, glaciers or wind.

Question 4

mechanical Weathring

Answer 4

The physical breakdown of rocks into smaller particles.

Question 5

Chemical Weathering

Answer 5

The decomposition of rock from exposure to water and atmospheric gases. As rock is decomposed this way ne chemical compounds are formed.

Question 6

Spheroidal Weathering

Answer 6

Weathering affects that produce rounded rock from an initial blocky shape.

Question 7

Differential Weathering

Answer 7

Varying rates of weathering resulting from some rocks in an are being more resistant to weathering than others.

Question 8

Pressure Release

Answer 8

A type of mechanical weathering that causes rocks to crack when overburden is removed.

Question 9

Sheet Joints

Answer 9

Cracks that develop parallel to the outer surface of a large mass of expanding rock, as pressure is released during unloading.

Question 10

Frost Action

Answer 10

Mechanical weathering of rocks by freezing water.

Question 11

Frost heaving

Answer 11

Lifts rock and soil vertically by the expansion of freezing water.

Question 12

Frost Wedging

Answer 12

A type of frost action in which the expansion of freezing water pries a rock apart.

Question 13

what are the two main types of frost action

Answer 13

Frost Action and Frost Wedging.

Question 14

What are weathering products?

Answer 14

New minerals that have adjusted to physical and chemical conditions at or near earths surface.

Question 15

What is the most effective agent of chemical weathering?

Answer 15

Acid

Question 16

What kind of ions do acids give of when they are breaking down?

Answer 16

Hydrogen.

Question 17

What is Carbonic Acid?

Answer 17

A weak acid that is made up of water and carbon that dissociates into the hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ios.

Question 18

What is Solution Weathering?

Answer 18

When minerals are completely dissolved by chemical weathering this is referred to as Solution Weathering.

Question 19

How do caves form from Solution Weathering?

Answer 19

Caves can form underground when flowing groundwater dissolves the sedimentary rock limestone, whis is mostly Calcite.

Question 20

Clay Mineral

Answer 20

A hydrous aluminum silicate with sheet-silicate structure like that of mica.

Question 21

What are chemical compounds that five of hydrogen ions when they break down in water?

Answer 21

Acids

Question 22

What is solution weathering

Answer 22

When rocks are chemical broken down by slightly acid water.

Question 23

What does the solution of Calcite contain

Answer 23

Calcium ions and Bicarbonate ios.

Question 24

What does the solution of Ca-feldspar

Answer 24

CA2+ and HCO3 ions as well as silica.

Question 25

Definition of Regolith

Answer 25

The loose, unconsolidated material that covers most of earths land surface.

Question 26

Definition of soil

Answer 26

A layer of weathered unconsolidated material that contains organic matter and is capable of supporting plant froth.

Question 27

What is the average soil composed of

Answer 27

45% rock and mineral fragments, 5 decomposed organic matter or humus, and 50& pore space.

Question 28

What are soil Horizons?

Answer 28

Layers of soil.

Question 29

What is the O Horizon?

Answer 29

Dark-colored soil later that is rich in organic material and forms just below surface vegetation.

Question 30

What is the A Horizon?

Answer 30

A dark colored soil layer that is rich in organic matter and high in biological activity, both plant and animal.

Question 31

E Horizon

Answer 31

Soil horizon that is the zone of leaching, characterized by the downward movement of water and removal of fine grained soil components.

Question 32

What is humis

Answer 32

Highly decomposed biological matter.

Question 33

B Horizon

Answer 33

The layer under the E Horizon and often referred to the zone of accumulation. This later is often quite clayey and stained red or brown by hematite and limonite

Question 34

What is the Hard Pan?

Answer 34

it is a layer inside of the b Horizon made up of clay minerals, silica , and iron. It is very difficult to dig or through and may even be too hard for backhoes to dig through.

Question 35

C Horizon

Answer 35

incompletely weathered parent material that lies below the B Horizon.

Question 36

Residual Soils

Answer 36

Soil that develops directly from weathering of the rock below.

Question 37

transported soils

Answer 37

Soils that do not develop from locally formed rock, but from regolith brought in from some other region.

Question 38

How does the slope of a hill affect the formation of soil?

Answer 38

On slopes the soil tends to be thin because it can easily be moved down hill.

Question 39

What is the largest factor in the formation of soil?

Answer 39

Climate

Question 40

How does time affect soil formation?

Answer 40

At first the parent material determines the soil properties, but after a while other factors become more important and climate eventually predominates.

Question 41

Paleosol

Answer 41

A soil that has been buried by lava flow, volcanic ash, windblown dust, glacial deposits, or other sediment is called a buried soil, or paleosol.

Question 42

What is splash erosion

Answer 42

When raindrops strike unprotected soil like tiny bombs, dislodging soil particles.

Question 43

sheet erosion

Answer 43

a thin sheet of running water that caries the dislodged soil particles away

Question 44

rills

Answer 44

Tiny channels cut by water in soil.

Question 45

Gullies

Answer 45

When rills deepen and merge into stream channels.

Question 46

What are the three things that affect soil errosion?

Answer 46

Climate, Slope, and Vegetation.

Question 47

What are some ways to conserve topsoil in the midwest?

Answer 47

Windbreaks, contour plowing, terracing, and crop rotation.

Question 48

What are the three biggest factor that affect soil formation?

Answer 48

1. Climate 2. slope 3. Temperature

Question 49

Silt

Answer 49

between sand and clay in size.

Question 50

What group of minerals is susceptible to oxidation of iron

Answer 50

Ferromagnesians