Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Environmental hazards such as pollution interfere with the development of ______________.
A
motor skills
2
Q
The major nutritional deficit in early childhood in DEVELOPED countries is insufficient:
A
iron, zinc, and calcium
3
Q
In the United States, which ethnicity has the highest childhood obesity rate?
A
Hispanic
4
Q
The ___________ produces hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body.
A
hypothalamus
5
Q
The ____________ is the central processor of memory, especially of memory for locations.
A
hippocampus
6
Q
Which of the following is controlled by the left half of the brain?
A
logical reasoning
7
Q
Your text discussed a classic experiment in which a 3-year-old is tricked by a researcher who has placed pencils in a candy box. The child, who expects to see candy, is surprised when the box is revealed to contain pencils. When asked what another child might expect to see, the child says, “pencils.” This child has not yet developed:
A
theory of mind
8
Q
According to cognitive theory, when children ask “why” questions, the questions typically revolve around:
A
human behavior
9
Q
Piaget’s principle that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its appearance is called:
A
conservation
10
Q
The term ________ refers to a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other.
A
“balanced bilingual”
11
Q
Instead of saying “feet,” 4-year-old Jasper says “foots.” This error is best described as an example of:
A
overregularization
12
Q
The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called:
A
fast-mapping
13
Q
A key finding from research on early-childhood education programs is:
A
quality matters most
14
Q
According to the text, what complicates the evaluation of Head Start programs?
A
Programs vary in length, curriculum, and goals.
15
Q
Montessori schools emphasize:
A
individual pride and accomplishment
16
Q
Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention of child maltreatment?
A
removing an abused child from the home
17
Q
Flashing lights on stopped school buses are an example of ___________ prevention.
A
secondary
18
Q
A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child becomes his or her foster parent is:
A
kinship care
19
Q
A typical 6-year-old:
A
all of the above
1) is at least 3.5 feet tall
2) looks lean, not chubby
3) weighs between 40-50 pounds
20
Q
At what age does the typical child throw, catch, and kick balls?
A
6
21
Q
By age 6 the brain weighs ________ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.
A
90
22
Q
Which of the following is a central processor of memory, especially of memory for locations?
A
hippocampus
23
Q
Which of the following statements about left-handedness is TRUE?
A
Although a genetic preference, left-handedness can be modified by experience.
24
Q
Janet believes that her brother Rubin would turn into a girl if he were to put on a dress. In this way, she is demonstrating:
A
focus on appearance
25
According to theory-theory:
children want explanations of various things.
26
The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories is called:
theory-theory
27
Early childhood is __________ for language learning.
a sensitive period
28
Overregularization demonstrates a child's understanding of:
grammar
29
The term for the time when language learning is most easily and readily accomplished is:
a sensitive period
30
In 1990, approximately ______ percent of 5-year-olds in the United States were enrolled in a pre-primary program (preschool).
90
31
Which of the following statements about Head Start is true?
Some programs involve parents; others do not.
32
Child-centered programs recognize that children learn through play with other children. This is most consistent with the views of:
Vygotsky
33
According to the text, which of the following has been found to make pools safer for young children?
fences surrounding the pool
34
An effort by child-welfare authorities to find a long-term home for maltreated children is referred to as:
permanency planning
35
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention of child maltreatment?
decreasing family isolation
36
When many ethnic groups live together in a nation with abundant food and adequate medical care, children of ________ descent tend to be tallest.
African
37
Environmental hazards such as pollution interfere with the development of ______________.
motor skills
38
Which of the following most directly contributes to improved motor coordination in early childhood?
myelination of the corpus callosum
39
The process by which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron is:
myelination
40
What does the developmental term “perseveration” refer to?
the tendency to stick to one thought or action
41
Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child thinking that nothing can be undone?
irreversibility
42
According to Piaget, which of the following is one of the characteristics that limit a preoperational child's thinking?
centration
43
Vygotsky's term for the skills that a person can experience only with assistance, not yet independently, is:
zone of proximal development.
44
The average child knows about ___________ words at age 2 and more than ___________ at age 6.
500; 10,000
45
The tendency of a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or she should not is:
overregularization
46
The results of a 2006 study of 5-year-olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, children exposed to a Montessori program:
were better at prereading and early math tasks.
47
The goal of teacher-directed early-education programs is to:
make all children “ready to learn.”
48
Which of the following is a form of child neglect?
failing to send a child to school
49
Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs is the definition of:
child neglect
50
Laws limiting the number of baby aspirins per container are an example of ___________ prevention.
primary
51
A child's insistence on routine typically peaks at around age:
3
52
An example of a gross motor skill is:
pumping a swing
53
Each year from age 2 through age 6, the typical child gains about:
4½ pounds
54
Another term for lateralization is:
sidedness
55
Which of the following most directly contributes to improved motor coordination in early childhood?
myelination of the corpus callosum
56
The 2-year-old brain weighs ________ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.
75
57
According to Piaget, one of the reasons that logic is beyond young children is that:
young children are significantly limited by their own perspective
58
Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child ignoring all attributes that are not apparent?
focus on appearance
59
Which Piagetian term literally means “self-centered”?
egocentrism
60
The term for the time when language learning is most easily and readily accomplished is:
a sensitive period.
61
The average child knows about ___________ words at age 2 and more than ___________ at age 6.
500; 10,000
62
Child-centered programs recognize that children learn through play with other children. This is most consistent with the views of:
Vygotsky
63
Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through:
play
64
With regard to social skills, maltreated children are:
more isolated
65
Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention of child maltreatment?
removing an abused child from the home
66
Which of these statements is consistent with the notion of injury control?
Appropriate controls can minimize harm.
67
Kindra, age 4, is very particular about her daily routines, especially at mealtime. She will only eat from one certain plate, drink from one certain cup, and must have a folded napkin next to her plate. She is exhibiting the phenomenon of:
just right
68
A good example of a fine motor skill is:
using scissors to cut paper
69
The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain's hemispheres is:
the corpus callosum
70
Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child's tendency to:
be unable to think backwards from a conclusion to the beginning
71
Each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be happy with Juan's father?
Vygotsky
72
Vygotsky believed that language advances thinking through:
private speech and social mediation
73
What is the youngest age at which most children begin to develop theories of mind?
4 years
74
“I catched two mices in a trap” is an example of:
overregularization
75
Low-income children are given preschool education through:
Head Start
76
An example of kinship care is:
Eric and Sherral provide foster care for their neglected nephew
77
Parents of a 5-year-old girl are likely to say:
“She isn't eating enough.”
78
The specialization of the functioning of the two halves of the brain is called:
lateralization
79
A magician's stock and trade is getting the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he is manipulating another. This is most easy with preoperational children, as they are easily fooled with their tendency to:
demonstrate centration
80
According to Vygotsky, language is a tool:
to advance thought
81
Humans seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to explain the world around them. The research term for this is:
theory-theory
82
A critical-period view of language learning refers to:
the only time language can be learned
83
To find a good preschool, a parent should look for:
teachers responsive to children's needs; low teacher-child ratios
84
Public health experts recognize that while injuries to children occur, their effects may be minimized through:
injury control
85
When children insist on eating only certain foods, prepared and presented in a particulat way.
"just right" phenomenon
86
The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.
myelination
87
A band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain.
corpus callosum
88
Sidedness - referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity.
lateralization
89
The area of cortex at the front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control.
prefrontal cortex
90
The tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time.
perserveration
91
parts of the brain that are crucial in the expression and regulation of emotions
limbic system
92
a tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fer and anxiety
amygdala
93
a brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations
hippocampus
94
a brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body
hypothalamus
95
before logical operations (reasoning processes); the child's verbal ability permits symbolic thinking. Language frees the child from the limit of sensorimotor experience.
preoperational thought
96
a characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others.
centration
97
Piaget's term for young children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective
egocentrism
98
a characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent
focus on appearance
99
a characteristic of preoperational though whereby a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.
static reasoning
100
a characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.
irreversibility
101
the principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e. is conserved) when its appearance changes.
conservation
102
the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive
animism
103
Vygotsky's term for the skills -- cognitive as well as physical -- that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
104
temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process
scaffolding
105
the internal dialogue that occurrs when people talk to themselves (either silently or out loud)
private speech
106
human interaction that expands and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explains something to another
social mediation
107
the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear
theory-theory
108
a person's theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. That realization is seldom achieved before age 4.
theory of mind
109
becomes more general: verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and conjunctions, as well as many more nouns, are mastered
naming explosion
110
the speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning
fast-mapping
111
the application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more "regular" than it actually is
overregularization
112
practices that are aimed anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities
injury control / harm reduction
113
accidents: actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse
primary prevention
114
accidents: actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian or installing traffic lights at dangerous intersections
secondary prevention
115
accidents: actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse even (such as illness, injury, or abuse) occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm of preventing disability
tertiary prevention
116
intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age
child maltreatment
117
deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being
child abuse
118
failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs
child neglect
119
maltreatment: includes any measure that reduces financial stress, family isolation, and unwanted parenthood
primary prevention
120
maltreatment:: may include home visits by nurses, high-quality day care, and preventive social work -- all designed to help high-risk families
secondary prevention
121
maltreatment: reduces harm when maltreatment has already occurred. Requires permanency planning
tertiary prevention
122
permanency planning
an effort to find a long-term solution to the problem
123
a legal, publicly supported system in which a maltreated child is removed from the parents' custody and entrusted to another adult or family, which is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child's needs
foster care
124
a form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver
kinship care
