Chapter 4 Flashcards by Angeline Vee

Developmentalists agree that infants’ emotional development is directly tied to:

brain development

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The classic experiment in which babies looked into a mirror after a red dot was placed on their noses provided evidence of self-awareness if the babies:

touched their noses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When an infant is fearful of strangers, he or she is exhibiting:

stranger wariness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Some Western parents rarely hold their infants except to:

restrain them to enforce separation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

One longitudinal study of infant temperament in 4-month-olds found that _____ of the children changed their reactions over time.

half

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The theory that emphasizes the need for responsive maternal care and connects biosocial with psychosocial development is:

psychoanalytic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

No study finds that children of employed mothers differ from other children solely because their mothers are working.

true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to the text, _________ encourage infants to explore, whereas _______ tend to be more cautious.

fathers; mothers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Eleven-month-old Tyra is playing alone in the sandbox at the park when a group of toddlers join her. Her smiles turn to tears, and she reaches for her father. He sits with her and encourages her to play near the other children. This is an example of:

goodness of fit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Synchrony, attachment, and _______________ are crucial to the psychosocial development of infants and toddlers.

social referencing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to the text, psychosocial development is determined by:

all of the above

1) maturation
2) genes
3) culture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Infants seek social bonds. Which of the following is a social bond?

all of the above

1) social referencing
2) synchrony
3) attachment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Scans of infants’ brains:

do not prove specific neurological explanations of emotional development.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Separation anxiety:

All of these answers are correct.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A person dressed in an Easter bunny costume approaches 2-year-old Robyn to give her candy. She begins to cry loudly and clings to her mother. Robyn is exhibiting:

stranger wariness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching, are referred to as:

proximal parenting

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Temperament is a very important factor in ________ theory.

systems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When looking at the Big Five, an important factor to consider is:

social context

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many 1-year-olds in the United States are in regularly scheduled nonmaternal care?

more than 50 percent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Research demonstrates that most infants are classified as:

secure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

High-intensity, vigorous play tends to occur more with:

fathers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The case study of Jacob is an example of the importance of paying attention to deficits in a child’s _____________ growth.

psychosocial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Excessive stress during infancy impairs the brain, particularly in areas associated with:

emotional development

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A catchall diagnosis of emotional abnormalities that can include autism is:

pervasive developmental disorder

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A __________ is expressed at 6 weeks and __________ at 3 or 4 months.

social smile; laughter

When temperament is described as being “constitutionally based,” this means that traits:

originate with one's genes

The idea of a working model is from:

cognitive theory

The attachment pattern in which an infant welcomes his mother upon her return and then returns to play after a brief separation is:

secure

One of the most influential factors that determine a child's type of attachment is the:

responsiveness of the parents

An insecurely attached infant is likely to show:

indifference

Infants seek social bonds. Which of the following is a social bond?

all of the above 1) attachment 2) synchrony 3) social referencing

An infant may see his or her own body as associated with the bodies of others because the boundaries between the sensory parts of the cortex are less distinct. This is referred to as:

cross-modal perception

Infants' understanding of themselves, demonstrated in their use of personal pronouns and the mirror test, is related to maturation of which part of the brain?

the left temporoparietal junction

Neurons that fire together become more closely and quickly connected. Toddlers (but not young infants) easily get angry when a teasing older sibling approaches them. How is this explained in your text?

Memory plays a role in emotional reactions

Which perspective suggests that parents mold an infant's emotions and personality as they reinforce or punish their child?

behaviorism

By the mid-twentieth century, parents began toilet training at 12 months or later instead of in the first month of life. This change had to do with whose theory that early conflict could lead to an anal personality?

Freud

A key concept of an ethnotheory is that:

a culture's underlying values and practices are usually not apparent to the people of that culture

Albert crawls after his father when his father leaves the room. In doing so, Albert is exhibiting:

proximity-seeking behavior

Synchrony between infant and parent becomes _______ frequent and _______ elaborate as time goes on.

more; more

Which attachment pattern involves an infant who continues playing when his or her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns?

insecure-avoidant

The case study of Jacob is an example of the importance of paying attention to deficits in a child's _____________ growth.

psychosocial

Stranger wariness is first noticeable at approximately:

9 months of age

Developmentalists agree that infants' emotional development is directly tied to:

brain development

When does an infant normally begin to express anger?

6 months

________ parenting involves close physical contact with a child, while _______ parenting involves engaging the child more intellectually.

Proximal; distal

Fourteen-month-old Carlos watches his older brother giggle and roll on the floor at SpongeBob on TV. Carlos then laughs and rolls on the floor whenever his brother does. This is an example of:

social learning

Although cultural differences exist, most infants worldwide develop special attachments to their caregivers. This discovery is attributed to:

Mary Ainsworth.

Which specific area of the cortex in the brain is responsible for emotional self-regulation?

the anterior cingulate gyrus

Freud claimed that during the anal stage:

there is pleasure in stimulating and controlling the bowels

Which of the following statements is correct regarding toilet training?

Children who begin toilet training at a later age take less time to train than children who start training at a younger age.

According to Erikson's theory, which of the following is true of most toddlers?

They want to gain a sense of autonomy, or control, over their own bodies.

Dr. Hoemann, a pediatrician, believes that a child's behavior problems are caused entirely by the parents' use of reinforcements and punishments. Dr. Hoemann is most likely a(n):

behaviorist

“Constitutionally based individual differences in emotions, activity, and self-control” would be a useful and appropriate definition of:

temperament

Proximal parenting tends to produce children who are:

compliant

Victor and Rosa want to enhance their synchrony with their 6-month-old daughter. They can best do this by:

imitating her vocal and facial expressions

Carrie is being held by her father. She is smiling at him one minute and then, unexpectedly, she slaps his face. This is a sign of which type of attachment?

disorganized

In which of the following countries is day care outside the home subsidized by the government?

Sweden

The new emotions that appear toward the end of the second year are:

pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt

Sigmund Freud was a(n):

psychoanalytic theorist

Parents with more education are most likely to start toilet training:

later in the child's development

The first crisis of life, according to Erikson, is:

trust vs. mistrust

Which of the following theorists stated that “failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child—assuming bodily health—falls squarely upon the parents' shoulders”?

Watson

Margarita and Roberto are warm, nurturing parents who held their baby all of the time and cradled him. They are exhibiting:

proximal parenting

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, by approximately three months of age, infants exhibit _____ temperamental traits.

nine

A crucial aspect of synchrony is:

mutual interaction

In the Strange Situation, a sign of secure attachment is:

smiling at Mother when she returns to the room

In a Canadian study, which of the following groups of children fared least well when cared for by someone other than their mothers during infancy?

boys from high-income families

Baby Erica met her grandfather's big dog for the first time. She immediately cried and tried to move away from the dog. Erica is most likely at least:

nine months old

According to Freud, the stage that takes place in the second year is called:

the anal stage

When playing with their children, fathers are more likely than mothers to:

engage in physical play

The first crisis of life, according to Erikson, is:

trust vs. mistrust

Social learning is:

learning via observing others

“Constitutionally based individual differences in emotions, activity, and self-control” would be a useful and appropriate definition of:

temperament

Research by Roisman & Fraley indicates that a mother's parenting style influences an infant's behavior ______ the child's temperament does.

as much as or more than

Mary is playing with her infant daughter Rose. Mary responds to Rose's facial expressions by mimicking and exaggerating the same expressions. All of a sudden Mary's face becomes blank and she does not show any emotion. How is Rose likely to respond?

Rose will probably frown, fuss, drool, and look away from her mother.

A 9-month-old explores new environments when her mother is present but shows distress when her mother leaves the room. The child's behavior illustrates:

secure attachment

infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close

stranger wariness

tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves. If it remains strong after 3, it may be considered an emotional disorder.

separation anxiety

a person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate form those of other people

self-awareness

the stimulation of one sensory stimulus to the brain (sound, sight, touch, taste, or smell) by another. Common in infants because boundaries between sensory parts of the cortex are less distinct.

synesthesia

infant associates textures with vision, sounds with smells, own body with the bodies of other. Basis for early social understanding.

cross-modal perception

infant's cry can be triggered by pain, fear, tiredness or excitement; laughter can turn to tears. Infants' emotions are difficult to predict because of the way their brains are activated.

synesthesia of emotions

directly connected to maturation of the anterior cingulate gyrus

emotional self-regulation

infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met

trust vs mistrust

toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies

autonomy vs shame & doubt

parents mold an infant's emotions and personality through:

reinforcements and punishment

the acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others

social learning

set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences

working model

a theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture

ethnotheory

epigenetic approach to development, usuing all five characteristics of the life-span perspective (multidirectuinal, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plastic).Especially insightful in interpreting temperment

systems theory

inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regualtion; is epigenetic, orginating in the genes but affected by child-rearing practices

temperament

The Big Five (OCEAN) 5 basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout life; found in many cultures and among people of all ages

1) openness: imaginative, curious, welcoming new experiences 2) conscientiousness: organized, deliberate, conforming 3) extroversion: outgoing, assertive, active 4) agreeableness: kind, helpful, easygoing 5) neuroticism: anxious, moody, self-critical

caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching

proximal parenting

caregiving practives that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal hold and touching

distal parenting