Chapter 6

Question 1

When a child feels excessive guilt, shame, or worthlessness, he or she is:

Answer 1

internalizing problems

Question 2

Preschoolers predict that they can solve impossible puzzles or control their dreams. These naive predictions are called:

Answer 2

protective optimism

Question 3

According to research, for people in the United States, one of the most important goals for emotional regulation is:

Answer 3

overcoming fear

Question 4

Sociodramatic play allows children to:

Answer 4

all of the above

1) develop a self-concept in a nonthreatening context
2) explore and rehearse social role
3) practice regulating their emotions

Question 5

The ___________________, or physical setting, is one aspect of culture that shapes play.

Answer 5

ecological context

Question 6

The kind of play that involves children interacting and sharing, but without their play being mutual or reciprocal, is:

Answer 6

associative

Question 7

Young children are vulnerable to the effects of media in that they:

Answer 7

spend LESS time on developing language and regulating emotions.

Question 8

Baumrind’s dimension in which parents vary in standards for responsibility and self-control in their children is called:

Answer 8

expectations for maturity

Question 9

________ parents set loving limits with their children, whereas __________ parents can be harsh and rigid.

Answer 9

Authoritative; authoritarian

Question 10

A discipline technique in which a child is removed from the play situation to talk about his or her misbehavior is:

Answer 10

time-in

Question 11

________ is the understanding of the feelings and concerns of others, and ________ is the feelings of anger, distrust, and dislike toward another person.

Answer 11

Empathy; antipathy

Question 12

Displaying deliberate prosocial or antisocial behavior requires a child to have:

Answer 12

all of the above

1) brain maturation and theory of mind.
2) emotional regulation
3) interactions with caregivers

Question 13

________ theory proposes that children actively socialize themselves, whereas _______ theory proposes that society socializes children.

Answer 13

Cognitive; social learning

Question 14

Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on children’s understanding?

Answer 14

cognitive theory

Question 15

A 4-year-old girl states, “When I grow up, I’m going to marry Daddy.” According to Freud, this is:

Answer 15

the Electra complex

Question 16

In an experiment by Lepper and colleagues (1973), children who received an expected award for drawing:

Answer 16

were less likely to draw

Question 17

A drive that comes from inside a person is called a(n):

Answer 17

intrinsic motivation

Question 18

Emotional regulation is:

Answer 18

all of the above

1) the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
2) made possible when the emotional functions are linked to the prefrontal cortex in the brain
3) the most important psychosocial task for children ages 2 to 6 to achieve

Question 19

Sociodramatic play allows children to:

Answer 19

all of the above

1) explore and rehearse social roles
2) practice regulating their emotions
3) develop a self-concept in a nonthreatening context

Question 20

Which type of play appears first in Parten’s progression of social play?

Answer 20

solitary

Question 21

A kind of play identified by Mildred Parten is:

Answer 21

onlooker

Question 22

According to research, children of all ages who watch violence on television:

Answer 22

become more violent themselves

Question 23

What was a limitation of Baumrind’s research on parenting styles?

Answer 23

The sample had little economic, ethnic, or cultural diversity.

Question 24

Baumrind identified ______ parenting styles.

Answer 24

four

Question 25

Discipline techniques vary in consequences and effectiveness depending on the:

Answer 25

all of the above 1) culture 2) religious beliefs 3) parenting style

Question 26

What kind of aggression is unprovoked and involves repeated physical or verbal attacks?

Answer 26

bullying

Question 27

Johnny, age 6, suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him hard for no apparent reason. Johnny is displaying:

Answer 27

antisocial behavior.

Question 28

Which of Freud's psychosexual stages of development occurs at about 3 or 4 years of age?

Answer 28

phallic

Question 29

Children have a firm understanding of biological differences between males and females by age:

Answer 29

8

Question 30

According to Erikson, which of the following is typical of young children?

Answer 30

an immodest self-concept

Question 31

Jaspreet frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention that she receives. When alone, however, Jaspreet rarely plays. Jaspreet's motivation to play the piano:

Answer 31

is mostly extrinsic

Question 32

Which of the following describes the play of children from developed nations?

Answer 32

Play space in developed countries provides social learning and takes place in child-care settings.

Question 33

A parenting style characterized by high parent-to-child communication, low warmth, and high expectations of maturity is:

Answer 33

authoritarian

Question 34

Which parenting style is more common as income falls?

Answer 34

authoritarian

Question 35

In the United States, how many hours per day does the typical child aged 2 to 4 spend watching television?

Answer 35

three

Question 36

Sara, age 3, sees a little boy fall and hurt himself, and she gets a look of concern on her face. She is probably experiencing:

Answer 36

empathy

Question 37

Aggression used to obtain or retain a toy or other object is called:

Answer 37

instrumental aggression

Question 38

Psychological control as a means of discipline relies on which of the following?

Answer 38

a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents

Question 39

An angry 5-year-old might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed:

Answer 39

emotional regulation

Question 40

When 4-year-old Karen is angry, she lashes out by hitting. This is an example of:

Answer 40

an externalizing problem

Question 41

Sara, Molly, and Shy are playing dress-up. They are all princesses and have built a castle out of cardboard boxes and colored paper. What type of play are the three girls engaging in?

Answer 41

sociodramatic play

Question 42

Parents who set limits, enforce rules, and listen receptively to their children are exhibiting the:

Answer 42

authoritative pattern of parenting

Question 43

The child most likely to have permissive parents is:

Answer 43

Paul, who is unhappy and lacks self-control

Question 44

According to recent statistics, by the age of 3, the percentage of children with a television in their bedrooms is:

Answer 44

25

Question 45

An example of antisocial behavior is:

Answer 45

Mark intentionally knocks over Simon's blocks.

Question 46

Of the different types of aggression, the most destructive and threatening is:

Answer 46

bullying aggression

Question 47

Karen is trying to determine how long her 4-year-old daughter should sit in time-out for deliberately pouring her juice on the floor. If she uses the suggested estimate, her daughter will be in time-out for:

Answer 47

4 minutes

Question 48

A drive or reason to pursue a goal that comes from inside a person is called:

Answer 48

intrinsic motivation

Question 49

Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but is not intended to harm is called:

Answer 49

rough-and-tumble play

Question 50

Parents who set limits, enforce rules, and listen receptively to their children are exhibiting the:

Answer 50

authoritative pattern of parenting

Question 51

According to recent statistics, by the age of 3, the percentage of children with a television in their bedrooms is:

Answer 51

25

Question 52

Sara, age 3, sees a little boy fall and hurt himself, and she gets a look of concern on her face. She is probably experiencing:

Answer 52

empathy

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of reactive aggression?

Answer 53

Joanie hits Beth because Beth bumped into her during a game of catch.

Question 54

According to your text, ______ differences are biological and ______ differences are culturally prescribed.

Answer 54

sex; gender

Question 55

More adolescent girls become anxious or depressed than boys become delinquents. This pattern may indicate that girls are better at regulating their ____________ emotions but are less successful at regulating their _________ emotions.

Answer 55

externalizing; internalizing

Question 56

A drive that arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from the outside is called an:

Answer 56

extrinsic motivation.

Question 57

The belief in one's own ability, a personal estimate of success and worthiness, is called:

Answer 57

self-esteem

Question 58

Sociodramatic play allows children to:

Answer 58

all of the above 1) practice regulating their emotions 2) explore and rehearse social roles 3) develop a self-concept in a nonthreatening context

Question 59

An example of rough-and-tumble play is:

Answer 59

wrestling

Question 60

Play that mimics aggression, but with no intent to harm, is:

Answer 60

rough-and-tumble

Question 61

Young children are vulnerable to the effects of media in that they:

Answer 61

spend LESS time on developing language and regulating emotions.

Question 62

Multicultural research on parenting styles and their effects on children has found that:

Answer 62

parental discipline methods are LESS important than parental warmth, support, and concern are.

Question 63

Which parenting style tends to result in children who become unhappy and lack self-control?

Answer 63

permissive

Question 64

A discipline technique in which a child is removed from the play situation to talk about his or her misbehavior is:

Answer 64

time-in

Question 65

Physical punishment, such as slapping and spanking, is used more on children of ages ______ than on children of any other age-group.

Answer 65

2 to 6

Question 66

In relating discipline to a young child's developmental characteristics, it is important to remember that:

Answer 66

children are actively forming the theory of mind and self-concepts necessary for empathy and prosocial behaviors

Question 67

Which theory asserts that gender roles are learned and that they are a result of nurture rather than nature?

Answer 67

behaviorism

Question 68

According to the text, gender differences involve:

Answer 68

the various roles of males and females prescribed by the culture

Question 69

Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on children's understanding?

Answer 69

cognitive theory

Question 70

nerve cell; billions in the central nervous system

Answer 70

neuron

Question 71

the outer layers of the brain

Answer 71

cortex

Question 72

a fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons

Answer 72

axon

Question 73

a fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons

Answer 73

dendrite

Question 74

the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons

Answer 74

synapse

Question 75

a brain chemical that carries information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron

Answer 75

neurotransmitter

Question 76

increase rapidly in number

Answer 76

proliferate

Question 77

the elimination of unnecessary connections

Answer 77

pruning

Question 78

the last part of the brain to mature; the area for anticipation, planning, and impulse control

Answer 78

prefrontal cortex

Question 79

a life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections

Answer 79

shaken baby syndrome

Question 80

newborns' primary sleep; often dozing, able to awaken if someone rouses them, but also able to go back to sleep quickly if they wake up, cry, and are comforted

Answer 80

active sleep

Question 81

slow brain waves and slow breathing

Answer 81

quiet sleep

Question 82

newborns have a high proportion of this kind of sleep with flickering eyes and rapid brain waves

Answer 82

REM (rapid eye movement)

Question 83

involuntary responses to a particular stimulus

Answer 83

reflexes

Question 84

when infants' feet are stroked, their toes fan upward

Answer 84

Babinski reflex

Question 85

when infants are held upright with their feet touching a flat surface, they move their legs as if to work

Answer 85

stepping reflex

Question 86

when they are laid horizontally on their stomachs, infants stretch out their arms and legs

Answer 86

swimming relfex

Question 87

when something touches infants; palms, they grip it tightly

Answer 87

palmar grasping reflex

Question 88

when someone startles then, perhaps by banging on the table they are lying on, infants fling their arms outward and then bring them together on their chests, as if to hold onto something, while crying with wide-open eyes

Answer 88

Moro relflex

Question 89

the response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus

Answer 89

sensation

Question 90

the mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation

Answer 90

perception

Question 91

typically precedes intellectual and motor development

Answer 91

sensory development

Question 92

develops during the last trimester of pregnancy and is already quite acute at birth; it is the most advanced of the newborn's senses

Answer 92

sense of hearing

Question 93

Piaget's term for the way infants think -- by using their senses and motor skills -- during the first period of cognitive development

Answer 93

sensorimotor intelligence

Question 94

Piaget's term for a type of adaptation in which new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate with, old ideas

Answer 94

assimilation

Question 95

Piaget's term for a type of adaptation in which old ideas are restructured to include, or accommodate, new experiences

Answer 95

accommodation

Question 96

the realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or hear

Answer 96

object permanence

Question 97

designed to provide the illusion of a sudden dropoff between one horizontal surface and another

Answer 97

visual cliff

Question 98

the high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants (also called baby talk or motherese)

Answer 98

child-directed speech

Question 99

the extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old

Answer 99

babbling

Question 100

a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful though

Answer 100

holophrase

Question 101

Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation

Answer 101

language acquisition device (LAD)