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PSYC 333 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are epiphyses

A

The cap at the end of bones

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2
Q

What are the states of brain development in early childhood?

A

Pruning principally, but myelination and synaptogenesis are still happening

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3
Q

When is the frontal lobe done growing?

A

At about 20y.o.

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4
Q

What does the frontal lobe regulate?

A

Physical, cognitive and socioemotional functioning

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5
Q

Name 2 important gross motor skills developing during childhood

A

Balance and gait

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6
Q

When are children able to balance on 2 wheels?

A

Around 4-5 yo

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7
Q

When are children able to balance on 1 foot?

A

Around 5-6 yo

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8
Q

When does gait start to improve?

A

Around 2yo

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9
Q

Name 3 examples of fine motor skills developing in early childhood abnd 3 related activities

A

Grasping
Holding
Manipulating

Tying shoes
Drawing
Eating

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10
Q

What is the state of motor development at age 2?

A

Picking up small objects
Walking unassisted
Rolling or flinging ball

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11
Q

What is the state of motor development at age 3?

A

Prints name

Tosses ball overhead with elbow bent

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12
Q

What is the state of motor development at age 4?

A

Cuts paper

Cuts/draws approximate circle

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13
Q

What is the state of motor development at age 6?

A

Copies short words
Hops on each foot
Catches and controlls ball with arms inn front of the body

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14
Q

Name 3 sources of individual difference making a difference in motor development?

A

Practice
Adult encouragement
Socialization of gender differences : results in differential skills in boys vs girls

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15
Q

Name 4 factors (more physically related) influencing physical development?

A

Heredity/hormones
Infectious diseases
Injuries
Nutrition

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16
Q

What can malnutrition cause?

A

Stunting - growth impairment (disrupt physical development)

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17
Q

Name some limitations of using BMI as an indicator of health

A

Muscle is heavier than fat
Might overlook issues if the general weight is normal (does not take into account muscle/fat ratio)
Does not take lifestlye into account

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18
Q

What is pseudotumor cerebri?

A

condition in which the pressure around the brain increases to the point of causing headaches, swells the optic nerve (vision problems)

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19
Q

What is steatohepatitis?

A

fatty liver disease (liver is so inflamed because of the fat)
Liver function is compromised when inflamed

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20
Q

What is glomurelosclerosis?

A

relates to kidneys (hardening of the glomeruloses - tiny blood vessels in the kidneys - functional unit of kidneys)
Can lead to kidney failure

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21
Q

What is the influence of weight on puberty?

A

Puberty is more or less the same for everyone (happens around the same time) - but with overweight it might happen earlier
Self-esteem/psychological problems
Problematic outcomes later on (behavioural)

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22
Q

Can exposure to stress increase the risk of obesity?

A

Yes, objective or subjective stress

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23
Q

Name 4 factors that might influence children obesity.

A

Working parents - less time to monitor the child (to cook, sit down meals, monitor diet)
Food portions - restaurants (general fast-food/family restaurants = very big servings)
Low-cost, calorie rich food preferences - easy and convenient, gives you what you want and costs less
Lack of exercise - most emphasized culprit (modern lifestyle is more sedentary)

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24
Q

Describe the stage of preoperational thinking (2-7yo)

A

Cognition marked by an inability to step back from one’s immediate perceptions and think conceptually
Referring to “what i see is what is real”

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25
What is animism?
involves crediting an inanimate object with life-like properties (believing the toy is alive)
26
What is anthropomorphism?
attribution of human traits to inanimate objects
27
What is artificialism?
(can go beyond childhood) all things are created by an intelligent entity (for example a parent, not necessarily God)
28
What is seriation?
Being able to put things in order according to a principle | limited in preoperational stage
29
What is transitivity?
ability to recognize logical relationships and perform transitive inferences • Ex: pete is bigger than josh and Kevin is smaller than josh § Not able to tell the relationship between pete and kevin (limited in preoperational stage)
30
What is centration?
Greatest limitation of preoperational stage | Focusing on only one fact of the problem = centration
31
What is conservation?
understanding that the amount of something stays the same even if it changes form/shape (limited in preoperational stage)
32
What is reversibility?
understanding that something can go back to its original shape *that we can reverse the sequence of events and come back to initial results (limited in preoperational stage)
33
What is class inclusion?
ability to use conceptual thinking to classify objects according to categories There is a certain ability to understand the classes (limited in preoperational stage)
34
What is egocentrism? Which paradigm is used to demonstrate it?
not able to place themselves in someone else's shoes (seeing the world from other people's perspective) The 3 mountains paradigm is used to demonstrate it
35
What is egocentric speech?
not other-oriented • Test (on image): child has to give directions to get the same tower as the other child • Listener has to listen to speaker to know what to do • Children unable to provide listener-oriented instructions • (Ex: you take this block and you put it first)
36
What is appearance-reality confusion?
struggle to understand that what we see is not always real | Goal is appearance-reality distinction
37
Is appearance-reality confusion all black and white?
No, children develop it gradually and not all at the same time
38
What is identity non-consistency?
unable to understand that someone can change their appearance and still be the same person
39
Name the pros of Piaget's theory
Insight into children's mind Academic schooling starting at 7 (believes that there is no logical thinking before then, therefore no point in starting school earlier than this)
40
Name the cons of Piaget's theory
Did not theorize about mechanisms of the mind Does not believe in active teaching Underestimates cognitive ability Undervalues sociocultural influence
41
What are the main points of Vygotsky's social development theory?
Interpersonal processes and the role of society in cognition Language being a vehicle for learning Believes in schooling before 7 (environment influences learning) Importance of having a model Development is a collaborative endeavor
42
What is apprenticeship?
Process during which a more skilled master teaches to a less skilled apprentice through guided participation and intersubjectivity
43
What is intersubjectivity?
everyone understands the activity and everyone agrees to its rules
44
What is inner speech?
Repeating information silently or "out loud" in order to regulate behaviour or to master cognitive challenges (can also think out loud) According to vygotsky's social learning theory, language is center to everything that is learned
45
When does word learning happens according to social development theory? How is it called?
aroun 18 months | Called fast-mapping: connection of new words to their exact referrent
46
What is infant-directed speech?
adults speak slower and more high-pitched, and use easy words to talk to babies
47
What are phonemes?
Sound units that convey meaning in language | Ex: kee for cat
48
What are morphemes?
Smallest unit of meaning in a language | Ex: word man in human
49
What is syntax?
Grammatical rules of a language
50
What are semantics?
Meaning system of a language | Ex: Yoda speaking is hard to understand
51
What is overregulation?
Common mistake where generalrles for plurals or past tense forms are misapplied ex: to run, runned
52
What is overextension?
Common mistake where verbal labels are applied too broadly | Ex: refer to a cat as a kitty but also as a lion
53
What is underextension?
Common mistake where verbal labels are applied too narrowly | Ex: calling only your cat kitty but no other cat
54
Name 2 word-learning styles and their definition
Expressive-style: social emphasis (feelings) | Referential style: intellectual emphasis (Labelling)
55
Name ways in which parents can assist in learning language
Speaking to children frequently Naming objects that grab the children's attention Using gramatically sophisticated speech Reading to children while carefully describing pictures
56
What is the zone of proximal development? And scaffolding?
The gap between the current competence and the potential competence Scaffolding: building upon the current knowledge until the potential competence Related to guided participation/human development
57
Name the pros of vygotskys theory of development
Accounting for sociocultural influences | Emphasis on the role/support of the teacher in cognitive development
58
Name the cons of vygotsky's theory of development
Overemphasis on the role of language in thinking Rarely conducted any research Did no use experiments, only observations
59
Name examples of executive functions
``` Attention Working memory Inhibitory control Planning The last 2 develop gradually during preschool ```
60
Until 7yo, kids have a limited capacity holding bin in terms of memory. What does that mean?
Can only remember 2-3 things at once • As they grow, they can remember more things at once • Adults can multitask more easily
61
What is autobiographical memory?
appears with the sense of self, ability to remember facts about the self (Sense of self emerges between 1.5 and 3 yrs old)
62
What do we mean when we say that children in early childhood have an "immature neural basis"?
their hippocampus develops early, but their prefrontal cortex develops later (executive functions impaired)
63
Why do we say preschooler's memory is vulnerable?
Can remember suggestions/stories as things that actually happened
64
What is rehearsal?
learning strategy where people repeat info to embed it in memory
65
What is selective attention?
learning strategy where people manage to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information
66
Name 3 principles that preschoolers have mastered when applied to less than 5 objects
One to one principle: add a number name to each object being counted Stable order principle: number names must be counted in the same order Cardinality principle: last number in a counting sequence denotes how many objects there are in a set
67
Name some characteristics of ADHD
``` Usually diagnosed in elementary school Most often in boys Lower dopamine levels Excessive restlessness Easily distracted Trouble estimating time Deficits in executive functions ```
68
What are 2 ways to treat ADHD?
Psychostimulants (increasing dopamine levels) | Foster a better person/environment fit (parents and school)
69
What is the theory of mind and when does it develops?
Other people ahve different perspectives from one's own | Develops around 4-5 yo
70
What are the 3 phases of the development of the theory of mind? What is an example of a task that illustrates this concept
Aware of desires: speaks of wants and likes Distinguish mental from physical world Know that behaviour can be based on beliefs about events, even if the belief is false Sally and Anne marble in the basket story
71
Name 3 factors associated with early development of theory of mind
Having older siblings Advanced intellectual development Bilingual preschoolers
72
Name 2 factors associated with later development of theory of mind
Frontal lobe damage | Autism
73
What is mind blindness?
Hard to focus on another individual (prefers to focus on their inner world) Can hardly figure out that others have needs/wants Autistic children

PSYC 333 (9 decks)

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