Chapter 5 part 2

Question 1

According to Erik Erikson, what is the stage in which 3-5 y.o. find themselves in?

Answer 1

Initiative vs Guilt

Question 2

What does the Initiative vs guilt stage (Psychosocial stages of erik erikson) consists of?

Answer 2

Exploration of the world - asserting control and power over the environment - experience guilt when they go too far (related to parental influence)

Question 3

What is shame? What are the resulting behaviours?

Answer 3

Primitive feeling felt when personally humiliated

Withdrawal, fury, feelings of revenge

Question 4

What is guilt? What are the resulting behaviours?

Answer 4

Experienced when personal moral standards or hurtful actions to another human being occur
Result in connections and attempts to make amends

Question 5

What is self awareness? How is it related to the theory of mind?

Answer 5

The ability to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state
It is the 1st step towards developping a theory of mind; we need to understand our mind before realizing others have one too

Question 6

What allows for socioemotional development during Erik Erikson’s stage of Initiative vs Guilt?

Answer 6

Emotion regulation,
Motivation,
Self-Concept

Question 7

What is emotion regulation?

Answer 7

Ability to understand and recognize one’s emotions

Possible as the limbic system connects with the prefrontal cortex

Question 8

What is motivation?

Answer 8

Preschool chilren are motivated with a drive or reason to pursue a goal that comes from within

Question 9

What is the self-concept?

Answer 9

Understanding who you are in relationship to self-esteem, appearance, personality and various traits
Mainly consists in observable characteristics and typical emotions/attitudes

Question 10

Around what age do children start to become self-aware?

Answer 10

1.5 y.o

Question 11

What is self-esteem?

Answer 11

judgements made about our own worth and feelings associates with those judgments
Influences future behaviour, emotional experiences, psychological adjustment

Question 12

How does self-esteem change in adolescence?

Answer 12

The emphasis on the determinants of self-esteem change from childhood

Question 13

What are the 3 categories of elements in which school aged children engage in social comparison?

Answer 13

Characteristics (taller, bigger, smarter, etc)
Behaviours (run faster)
Possessions (she has a puppy)

Question 14

What are prosocial behaviours?

Answer 14

Sharing, caring, helping others, etc

Question 15

What is altruism?

Answer 15

Prosocial behaviours that are carried our for selfless, non egocentric reasons

Question 16

What is empathy?

Answer 16

Feeling same/similar emotions that another person is experiencing

Question 17

What is sympathy?

Answer 17

Feeling upset for another person’s plight

Question 18

What is the difference between empathy and sympathy

Answer 18

Empathy is prosocial, sympathy is not

Sympathy is not as deep as empathy

Question 19

What is aggression?

Answer 19

Any hostile, destructive act

Question 20

What is proactive aggression?

Answer 20

Calculated act to inflict harm to gain something

Question 21

What is reactive aggression?

Answer 21

Impulsive act of inflicting harm, often caused by a strong emotion

Question 22

What is direct aggression?

Answer 22

Everyone can see it

Question 23

What is relational aggression?

Answer 23

Carried out indirectly, through damaging or destroying the victim’s relationship

Question 24

Name 3 purposes of play other than fun for children

Answer 24

Allows to practice adult roles
Allows to gain a sense of control
Furthers child’s understanding of social norms

Question 25

Name the 4 types of play children engage in

Answer 25

Rough/tumble play Fantasy play (make scenarios and act them out) Collaborative pretend play (do something together, ex build something) Gender segregated play (boys an girls associate with members of their own sex and play w them)

Question 26

Describe the evolution of play habits from 2 y.o. to middle childhood

Answer 26

2 - Onlooker (observing others play) Ealry childhood: Parallel play (together but not together) 4-5 y.o - collaborative play

Question 27

Name types of emotions that preschoolers can correctly judge

Answer 27

Causes and consequences of emotions | Behavioural signs of emotions

Question 28

Describe what are externalizing tendencies when it comes to emotions

Answer 28

``` Lashing out at others/breaking things Difficult emotional regulation Expression of powerful feelings Uncontrolled physical or verbal ourbursts Blames others for their failures ```

Question 29

Describe what are internalizing tendencies when it comes to emotions

Answer 29

Turning emotions and distress inwards Difficulty with emotional regulation Excessively feeling guilt, shame, worthlessness May develop learned helplessness

Question 30

Children start to become aware of strategies for emotion self-regulation by the age of 4. What is this realization affected by?

Answer 30

Temperament and parenting

Question 31

What are the 2 dimensions of parenting?

Answer 31

Responsiveness and provision of structure/rules

Question 32

What are the 4 parenting styles?

Answer 32

Authoritative (high responsiveness, high discipline) Authoritarian (Low responsiveness, high discipline) Permissive (high responsiveness, low discipline) Rejecting/neglecting (Low responsiveness, low discipline)

Question 33

What are the critiques of the parenting styles model?

Answer 33

It might be too simplistic: there are more than 2 dimensions to parenting (varies with culture and the environement)

Question 34

In the study about parenting styles, anger temperament and authoritative parenting was associated with?

Answer 34

Less internalizing problems

Question 35

In the study about parenting styles, effortful temperament and authoritarian parenting was associated with?

Answer 35

More internalizing problems

Question 36

What is it to remember about the study on parenting styles?

Answer 36

Temperaments and parenting styles interact together to create different outcomes

Question 37

Besides our parents, our peers also socialize us. What is acculturation?

Answer 37

Tendency of new comers to become similar to the mainstream culture (to become more like their non-new comers peers)

Question 38

What are the repercussions of authoritative parenting?

Answer 38

Self-control, moral maturity, high self esteem

Question 39

What are the repercussions of authoritarian parenting?

Answer 39

Anxiety, unhappiness, low self esteem, anger, defiance

Question 40

What are the repercussions of permissive parenting?

Answer 40

Impulsivity, poor school achievement

Question 41

What are the repercussions of uninvolved parenting?

Answer 41

Depression, anger, poor school achievement

Question 42

What is corporal punishment?

Answer 42

use of physical force to discipline a chil

Question 43

What are the "rules" of psychologists suggesting it mght be ok to spank a children?

Answer 43

Never spank an infant Light spanking with preschoolers when a behaviour needs to be stopped immediately Explanation should accompany spanking Reserve spakning as a backup technique Use any other alternative disicplinary technique first

Question 44

What is children maltreatment?

Answer 44

Any act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being

Question 45

What is physical abuse?

Answer 45

Assault resulting in child's physical injury

Question 46

What is neglect?

Answer 46

Failing to meet child's needs

Question 47

What is emotional abuse?

Answer 47

Continual shaming or serious acts such as terrorizing or exploiting a child

Question 48

What is sexual abuse?

Answer 48

Rape, incest, fondling, pornography

Question 49

Describe emotional consequences of child maltreatment

Answer 49

poor emotion self-regulation impaired empathy/sympathy depression

Question 50

Describe adjustment/behavioural consequences of child maltreatment

Answer 50

substance abuse | violent crime

Question 51

Describe thea consequences on learning of child maltreatment

Answer 51

impaired executive functions | low academic motivation

Question 52

Name some qualities of resilient children that might develop after they suffer from abuse

Answer 52

superior emotional regulation special talents optimistic world view at least one warm, loving relationship helps "good" genes: easy temperament, superior intellectual and social skills

Question 53

What is sublimation?

Answer 53

After abuse children might turn to a defense mechanism which consists of turning pain and suffering into something more productive (usually artistic)