Chapter 5 - ANATOMY Of Flowering Plants Flashcards
(245 cards)
1
Q
Tissues are classified into 2 groups - __________ and permanent .
A
Meristematic
2
Q
Growth in plants is largely restricted to specialised regions of active cell division called _________ .
A
Meristems
3
Q
The meristems that occur at the tip of roots and shoots and produce _________ are called APICAL MERISTEMS .
A
PRIMARY TISSUES
4
Q
During the elongation of stem , some cells left behind from _________ constitute the axillary bud .
A
Shoot apical meristem
5
Q
The meristem that occurs between mature tissues is known as _______ .
A
Intercallary meristem
6
Q
_______ occur in grasses and regenerate parts removed by herbivores .
A
Intercallary meristems
7
Q
______ and ________ are primary meristems because they appear early in the life of a plant and contribute to the primary plant body .
A
1 Apical meristem
2 intercallary meristem
8
Q
The meristem that occurs in the mature regions of roots and shoots and produce woody axis -
A
Secondary or lateral meristem
9
Q
_________ are cylindrical meristems .
A
Secondary or lateral
10
Q
Fascilcular vascular cambium , interfascicular cambium and cork cambium produce ________ tissues .
A
Secondary tissues (becoz they are secondary cambiums)
11
Q
Following divisions of cells in both ___________ and _______ meristems , the newly formed cells become specialised and loose the ability to divide and are called PERMANENT OR MATURE CELLS .
A
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
12
Q
During the formation of the primary plant body , specific regions of _________ produce dermal tissues , ground tissues and vascular tissues .
A
Apical meristem
13
Q
Permanent tissues are divided onto _______ and _____ tissues .
A
Simple and complex
14
Q
Permanent tissues having many different types of cells are called _________ .
A
Complex tissues
15
Q
A simple tissue is made of how many types of cells -
A
Only 1
16
Q
Parenchyma , collenchyma and sclerenchyma are __________permanent tissues .
A
Simple
17
Q
Parenchyma forms the major component within ________ .
A
Organs
18
Q
The cells of _______ are generally isodiametric ( maybe spherical ,oval , round , polygonal or elongated )
A
Parenchyma
19
Q
The walls of parenchyma are ______ and made up of ______ .
A
Thin
Cellulose
20
Q
Parenchyma have _______ intercellular spaces .
A
Small
21
Q
The 3 functions performed by parenchyma are -
A
Photosynthesis
Storage
Secretion
22
Q
The _______ occurs in layers BELOW THE EPIDERMIS in most o dicots .
A
Collenchyma
23
Q
Collenchyma is found below the epidermis as a _________ layer or in ______.
A
Homogenous
Patches
24
Q
Cells of collenchyma are much thickened at the corners dur to deposition of -
A
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Pectin
25
___________ cells may be oval spherical or polygonal and often contain chloroplast .( out of simple permanent tissue cells )
Collenchymatous
26
Chollenchymatous cells assimilate food when they contain _______
Chloroplasts
27
They provide mechanical support to growing parts of the plants such as YOUNG STEMS AND PETIOLE OF A LEAF .
Collenchyma
28
______ consists of long, narrow cells with thick and lignified cell walls having few or numerous pits -
Sclerenchyma
29
Amount of pits present in sclerenchyma -
Few or numerous
30
Sclerenchyma are usually _____ and ________ protoplast .
Dead
| Without
31
Out of fibres and sclerenchyma , high generally occur in groups .
Fibres
32
On the basis of variation in _____ , _____ , _______ and _____ ,sclerenchyma may either be fibres or sclereids .
Form
Structure
Origin
Development
33
Fibres are ______ walled , elongated and pointed generally occurring in ______ .
Thick
| Groups
34
Sclereids are spherical ,oval or cylindrical , highly _________ dead cells with very _________ lumen (cavities ) .
Thickened
| Narrow
35
Sclerenchyma are commonly found in ____________ of nuts , _______ of fruits like guava , pear and sapota , _________ of legumes and _______ of tea .
Fruit wall of nuts
Pulp of fruits
Seed coat of legumes
Leaves of tea
36
Name 3 fruits whose pulp consists of sclerenchyma .
Guava
Sapota
Pear
37
_____ and ________ constitute the complex tissues .
Xylem ad phloem
38
Function of sclerenchyma -
Provides mechanical support to organs
39
Xylem also provides _________ to plant parts .
Mechanical strength
40
The 4 xylem elements are -
Tracheids
Vessels
Xylem fibres
Xylem parenchyma
41
_______ lack vessels in their xylem .
Gymnosperms
42
___________ of xylem are ELONGATED OR TUBE LIKE CELLS WITH THICK AND LIGNIFIED WALLS AND TAPERING ENDS .
TRACHEIDS
43
Tracheids are living /dead -
Dead
44
In angiosperms _______ and _______ are the main water transporting elements .
Tracheids
| Vessels
45
Vessel i a long cylindrical tube-like structure made up of many cells called _________ .
Vessel members
46
Vessel members have ________ walls and ________ central cavity .
Lignified
| Large
47
Vessels have protoplasm . T/F
F . They are devoid of protoplasm -dead
48
__________ are interconnected through perforations in their common walls .
Vessel members
49
Presence of ________ is a characteristic feature of angiosperms .
Vessels
50
Xylem _____ have highly thickened walls and obliterated central lump .
Fibres
51
_______ may either be septate or aseptate .
Xylem fibres
52
Xylem ________ are living and thin -walled .
Parenchyma
53
Cell walls of xylem parenchyma are made up of -
Cellulose
54
Xylem _______ store food materials in the form of starch or fat and other substances like tannins .
Parenchyma -becoz they are the only living xylem element
55
The radial conduction of water takes place by _______ cells .
Ray parenchymatous
56
Perforations are present in which xylem element .
Vessels
57
Which have more diameter -vessels/tracheids -
Vessels
58
Primary xylem is of 2 types -________ and _________ .
Protoxylem
| Metaxylem
59
The later formed primary xylem is called -
Metaxylem
60
In stems which type of primary xylem is found -
Endarch - centrifugal ( inside -> outside )
Protoxylem -inside
Metaxylem -periphery
61
In roots , which primary xylem type is found -
Exarch - centripetal ( outside ->inside )
Proto - periphery
Meta -centre
62
4 phloem elements are -
Sieve tube elements
Companion cells
Phloem parenchyma
phloem fibres
63
Gymnosperms lack _________ and ____________ . ( phloem elements )
Serve tubes
| Companion cells
64
Instead of sieve tubes and companion cells , GYMNOSPERMS HAVE ___________ AND _________ .
Albuminous cells
| Sieve cells
65
__________ are long , tube-like structures , arranges longitudinally and are associated with the companion cells .
Sieve TUBE elements
66
The end walls of which phloem element are perforated ?
Sieve tube elements
67
A mature sieve element possesses a __________ cytoplasm and a ________ VACUOLE but lacks a nucleus .
Peripheral
| Large
68
Phloem element which lacks a nucleus -
Sieve tube
| Has a large vacuole
69
The functions of sieve tube are controlled by nucleus of ________ .
Companion cells
70
The companion cells are specialised ________ cells .
Parenchymatous
71
The sieve tube elements and companion cells are connected by ____________ .
PIT FIELDS present between their common LONGITUDINAL WALLS
72
The companion cells help in maintaining _______ in sieve tubes .
Pressure gradient
73
Phloem _________ are made of tapering , cylindrical cells which have DENSE CYTOPLASM and NUCLEUS .
PARENCHYMA
74
The cell wall of phloem parenchyma is composed of _________ .
Cellulose
75
Phloem PARENCHYMA has cell wall with pits though which __________ exist between the cells .
Plasmodesmatal connections
76
Phloem _______ stores food materials and resin , latex and mucilage .
Parenchyma
77
Phloem _______ is absent in most MONOCOTS .
PARENCHYMA
78
Bast fibre is the other name for -
Phloem fibres
79
Phloem fibres are made up of __________ cells .
Sclerenchymatous
80
Phloem _________ are generally absent in primary phloem but are present in secondary phloem .
Fibres
81
These are much elongated , unbranched and have pointed , needle like apices -
(Among phloem elements )
Phloem fibres
82
At maturity , phloem ________ lose their protoplasm and become dead .
Fibres
83
Phloem fibres of _____,_____ and ______ are used commercially .
Jute
Flax
Hemp
84
On what basis is the classification of tissue system done ?
On the basis of STRUCTURE and LOCATION of the tissues .
85
3 types of tissue systems -
Epidermal
Ground / fundamental
Vascular /conducting
86
Which tissue system is also called GROUND TISSUE system -
Fundamental
87
Epidermal tissue system comprises ________ cells , _________ and the _______ appendages ( trichinosis and hairs ) .
Epidermal
Stomata
Epidermal
88
Stomata is mainly present in which tissue system -
Epidermal
89
Name the epidermal appendages of epidermal tissue system -
Trichomes
| Hairs
90
The epidermis the outermost layer of the _______ plant body .
Primary plant body
91
Epidermis is made of elongated compactly arranged cells which form a _______ layer .
Continuous
92
Epidermis is usually _________ layered
Single
93
Epidermal cells are ________ in nature .
Parenchymatous
94
Epidermal cells have a small amount of _______ lining the cell wall and a large ______ .
Protoplasm
| Vacuole
95
The outside of epidermis is covered with ____________ .
Cuticle
96
Cuticle is absent in the ___________ .
Roots
97
Stomata are present in the ________ of the leaves .
Epidermis
98
Stomata regulate the process of _____ and ______ .
Transpiration and gaseous exchange
99
In grasses _______are dumbbell-shaped. .
Guard cells
100
Guard cells enclose the ________ .
Stomata pore .
101
Inner walls of guard cells are ______ and outer ones _______ .
Thick
| Thin
102
_______ possess chloroplast .
Guard cells
103
______ regulate the opening and closing of stomata .
Guard cells
104
Subsidiary cells are a type of __________ cells
Epidermal
105
Subsidiary cells are found in the vicinity of __________ .
Guard cells
106
Sometimes , a few epidermal cells in the vicinity of guard cells become specialised in their _____ and ______ and are known as subsidiary cells .
Shape and size
107
The 3 components of stomata apparatus are -
Stomata aperture
Guard cells
Subsidiary cells
108
Root hairs are ________ elongation of the epidermal cells .
| uni/multi cellular
Unicellular
109
On the stem the epidermal hairs are called -
Trichomes
110
The trichomes are _______ ( uni/multi cellular) elongation f the epidermal cells in the shoot system .
Multicellular
111
Trichomes maybe branched/unbranched and soft or stiff .
| T/F
T
112
Function of trichomes -
Help in preventing loss of water due to transpiration
| Are SECRETORY in function also
113
Trichomes are secretory in function .T/F .
T
114
The tissue system which consists of simple tissues ( parenchyma , sclerenchyma and collenchyma)-
Ground tissue system
115
Type of cells present in the CORTEX ,PERICYCLE , PITH and MEDULLARY RAYS ( of the ground tissue system .)-
Parenchymatous cells
116
Parenchymatous cells are present in the ground tissue of PRIMARY
________ and ________ .
Roots and stems
117
In leaves , ground tissue consists of -
MESOPHYLL CELLS - thin walled chloroplast chloroplast containing cells.
118
In dicots , _______ is present between xylem and phloem .
Cambium
119
Why are vascular bundles in dicots referred to as open -
Becoz of the presence of cambium ,they possess the ability to form SECONDARY xylem and phloem
120
Vascular bundles in monocots are called closed because -
The do not form secondary tissues .
121
When the vascular bundles are arranged in an alternate manner along different radii , the arrangement is called -
Radial
122
Radial vascular bundles are found in the -
Roots
123
In _______ type of vascular bundles , xylem and phloem are jointly situated along the same radius .
Conjoint
124
Conjoint vascular bundles are found in the ______ and ________ .
Stems and leaves
125
_______ vascular bundles usually have the phloem situated outside xylem .
Conjoint
126
The outermost layer of a dicot root -
Epiblema
127
In dicot roots , cells of epiblema protrude in the form of unicellular ________ .
Root hair
128
In dicot roots , the layer next to ( inside / under ) epiblema is -
Cortex
129
The cortex of dicot roots , consists of several layers of thin walled ___________ cells with ___________ .
Parenchymatous
| Intercellular spaces
130
The cortex of dicot roots has intercellular spaces or not -
Yes , it has
| But the innermost layer of cortex , endodermis is devoid of any intercellular spaces.
131
The innermost layer of the cortex in dicot roots is-
Endodermis
132
The endodermis of dicot roots , comprises ______ layers of BARREL-SHAPED cells .
Single
133
The endodermis of dicots has intercellular spaces or not -
No
134
The _______ and _______ walls of the endodermis of dicot roots has a layer of waxy Suberin .
Tangential
| radial
135
The endodermis has a water-impermeable way Suberin deposition in the form of _______ .
Casparian strips
136
In dicot roots , the layer which lies next ( underneath / below ) endodermis is -
Pericycle
137
Pericycle is composed of which cells and has how many layers?
Parenchymatous cells
Few layers
And is thick walled
138
Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during secondary growth in dicot roots takes place in the -
Pericycle ( parenchymatous cells )
139
The nature of pith in dicot roots -
Small and inconspicious
140
The parenchymatous cells which lie between XYLEM and PHLOEM in DICOT ROOTS are called -
Conjunctive tissue .
141
There are usually ______ xylem and phloem patches in dicots roots
2-4
142
During secondary growth in dicot roots , a ______ develops between xylem and phloem .
Cambium ring
143
Functions of pericycle in dicot roots -
Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during secondary growth .
144
All the tissues on the inner side of ______ (in dicot roots ) constitute stele .
Endodermis
145
Which tissues are included in STELE -
Pericycle
Vascular bundles
Pith
146
Name all the layers of tissues in a dicot root from outside to inside -
Epiblema
Cortex
Endodermis ( innermost layer of cortex )
Pericycle
Vascular bundles ( 1 protoxylem ;2 metaxylem )
Pith -small
147
Which have more vascular bundles- monocot or dicot ROOTS ?
Monocots
148
There are usually ______ xylem bundles In a monocot root .
More than 6 -polyarch
149
Type of pith found in monocot roots-
Large and well -developed
150
Outermost layer of a dicot stem -
Epidermis
151
Epidermis of dicot stems is covered with cuticle . T/F
T
152
Epidermis of dicot stems may bear _______ and _______ .
Trichomes
| Few stomata
153
In dicot stems , the cells arranged between epidermis and pericycle constitute -
Cortex
154
The cortex of dicot stems is present below which layer ?
Epidermis
155
The cortex of _______ is divided into 3 sub -zones .
Dicot stems
156
The first (outer) layer of the cortex of dicot stems -
Hypodermis
157
The ________ just below the epidermis in dicot stems provides MECHANICAL STRENGTH TO YOUNG STEMS .
HYPODERMIS
158
The hypodermis of dicot stems consists of a few layers of _________ cells .
Collenchymatous
159
Th layer present below hypodermis in dicot stems ( 2nd layer of cortex ) -
Cortical layers -parenchymatous cells
160
CORTICAL LAYERS below hypodermis consists of rounded thin -walled parenchymatous cells with ________ intercellular spaces .
Conspicuous
161
The innermost layer ( below cortical layers ) of cortex-
Endodermis
162
The endodermis of _______ is also called starch sheath because it is rich in starch grains .
Dicot stem
163
In dicot stems , the layer just above pericycle -
Endodermis ( of cortex )
164
The pericycle of dicots lies between -
Endodermis and phloem
165
Pericycle in dicot stems is present above phloem in the form of semilunar patches of __________ cells .
Sclerenchymatous
166
In dicot stems , IN BETWEEN VASCULAR BUNDLES THER ARE A FEW LAYERS OF RADIALLY PLACED _________ CELLS WHICH CONSTITUTE MEDULLARY RAYS .
PARENCHYMATOUS
167
‘RING ARRANGEMENT OF VASCULAR BUNDLES ‘is a characteristic of -
Dicot stems
168
Nature of pith in dicot stem-
Has large number of rounded , parenchymatous cells with large intercellular spaces .
So it is WELL -DEFINED
169
The monocot stem has ________ hypodermis .
Sclerenchymatous
| Dicot stem had collenchymatous
170
monocot stem has ______ vascular bundles .
Scattered
171
Monocot stem has vascular bundles surrounded by a sclerenchymatous ____ and a large conspicuous parenchymatous _____________ .
Bundle sheath
| Ground tissue
172
Bundle sheath of MONOCOT STEM has _______ cells .
SCLERENCHYMATOUS
173
Phloem parenchyma is absent in -
Monocot stems
174
_________ cavities are present within the vascular bundles of monocot stems -
Water -containing
175
Water containing cavities present in vascular bundles is a characteristic of -
Monocot stems
176
The 3 main parts of a dorsiventral leaf .
Epidermis
MESOPHYLL
Vascular system
177
The upper surface and lower surfaces of a leaf are called -
Upper- adaxial
| Lower-abaxial
178
The _______ epidermis of a dorsiventral leaf generally has more stomata .
Abaxial -lower
179
The ______ epidermis of a dicot leaf may lack stomata .
Adaxial
180
The tissue between the lower and upper epidermis in a leaf is called-
MESOPHYLL
181
_______ possess chloroplast and carries out photosynthesis .( the tissue layer of leaves )
MESOPHYLL
182
MESOPHYLL of leaves is made up of -
Parenchyma
183
The adaxial placed _______ parenchyma in a dicot leaf is made up of elongated cells which are arrANGED VERTICALLY AND parallel to each other .
Palisade
184
The oval and loosely arranges _______ parenchyma is situated below palisade parenchyma .
Spongy
185
Spongy parenchyma is present towards the ______ epidermis .
Lower -abaxial
186
Vascular system n leaves can be seen in ___and ____.
Veins
| Midrib
187
On what factor does the size of vascular bundles in a dicot leaf depend ?
On the size of veins
| The veins may vary in thickness in the RETICULATE venation of dicot leaves
188
The vascular bundles in a dicot leaf are surrounded by a layer of thick walled _________ .
Bundle sheath cells
189
The. MESOPHYLL is not differentiated into palisade and spongy in -
Monocot leaves
190
In grasses , certain ______epidermal cells along the veins are modified into bulliform cells .
Adaxial
191
Bulliform cells are ____ ,____ and ______ .
Large
Empty
Colourless
192
When bulliform cells are _____ , the leaf surface is exposed .
Turgid
193
When bulliform cells are _______ due to WATER STRESS leaves curl inwards to minimise water loss .
Flaccid
194
The _____ in monocot leaves is reflected in the near similar size of vascular bundles ( EXCEPT IN MAIN VEIN )
Parallel venation
195
The meristematic layer that is responsible for cutting off vascular tissues -
Vascular cambium
196
In dicot stems , the cells of cambium present between primary xylem and phloem is the _______ cambium .
Intrafascicular
197
The cells of _____ , adjoining the intrafascicular cambium become meristematic and form the interfascicular cambium .
Medullary rays
198
The cells that the cambium ring cuts off towards the pith , mature into -
Secondary xylem
199
Cells that te cambium ring cuts off towards the periphery mature into -
Secondary phloem
200
The cambium is generally more active on the ________ side .
Inner side
201
The amount of secondary xylem /phloem is more -
Secondary xylem
202
The _______ phloem get gradually crushed due to the formation of secondary xylem.
Primary and secondary
203
The cambium forms a narrow band of parenchyma which passes through the secondary xylem and the secondary phloem in the RADIAL direction . It is called -
Secondary medullary rays
204
The activity of cambium is under the control of man environmental and _______ factors .
Physiological
205
In ______ season cambium is very active .
Spring
206
In spring season the cambium produces large number of xylary elements having __________ with wide cavities .
Vessels
207
Early wood is formed during -
Sorting season
208
The xylary elements produced has ______ vessels .
Narrow
209
Autumn wood /late wood is produced during -
Winter
210
The spring wood has _______ density and autumn wood has _______ density .
Lower
| Higher
211
Heartwood comprises ______ elements .
Dead
212
Highly lignified walls are present in heartwood/sapwood .
Heartwood
213
Sapwood/heartwood does not conduct water .
Heartwood
214
Function of heartwood -
Gives support to the stem
215
The peripheral region of secondary xylem is -
Sapwood
216
Function of sapwood -
Conduction of water and minersls
217
The greater part of secondary xylem is heartwood/sapwood -
Heartwood
218
The wood that is hard,durable and resistant to the attack of insects -
Heartwood
219
Heartwood if present in the ________ layers of the stem .
Central /innermost
220
Heartwood has deposition of organic /inorganic compounds .
Organic
221
Organic compounds like TANNINS ,RESINS OILS ,GUMS and AROMATIC substances are deposited in the -
Heatwood
222
Cork cambium develops in the ______ region .
Cortex
223
Phylogeny is the other name for -
Cork cambium
224
Phellogen is a couple of layers _______ and is made of narrow thin-walled and rectangular cells .
Thick
225
Phellogen cuts off cells on __ side .
Both sides
226
The cells which the phellogen cuts on the OUTER SIDE differentiate into -
Cork /phellem
227
The other name of cork -
PHELLEM
228
The cells which the phellogen cuts on the inner side differentiate into -
Secondary cortex / phelloderm
229
Other name for phelloderm -
Secondary cortex
230
Cork is _______ to water due to Suberin deposition in the cell wall .
Impervious
231
The cells of secondary cortex are ________ .
Parenchymatous
232
Components of periderm -
Phellogen
Phellem
Phelloderm
233
Due to activity of _________ ,pressure builds up on the remaining layers peripheral to PHELLOGEN and ultimately these layers die and slough off .
Cork cambium
234
Bark refers to all tissues exterior to the -
Vascular cambium ( including secondary phloem )
235
Which tissue types does bark include -
Periderm
| Secondary phloem
236
Bark that is formed ________ is called soft bark .
Early
237
Lenticels are formed hen phellogen cuts off parenchymatous cells on the outer side instead of -
Cork cells
238
When ______ cuts off parenchymatous cells on the outer side , lenticels are formed
Phellogen
239
The parenchymatous cells rupture the ______ to form lenticels .
Epidermis
240
Lenticels occur in most ______ trees .
Woody
241
Role of lenticels -
Exchange of gases
242
In dicot root , _________ is completely secondary in origi .
Vascular cambium
243
In dicot roots , the vascular cambium originates from the tissue located just below the ___ bundles and above the ______ .
Phloem bundles ( a portion of pericycle )
Protoxylem
244
In gymnosperms , secondary growth occurs in ___ and _____ -
Stems and roots
245
Secondary growth does not occur in monocots/gymnos -
Monocots
